The affects of biodiesel on engine performance of an MID-HP agricultural tractor and the significance of biodiesel for Türkiye

Yüksek Lisans TeziÖZET YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ORTA SEGMENT BİR TARIM TRAKTÖRÜNDE BİYODİZELİN MOTOR PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ VE BİYODİZELİN TÜRKİYE İÇİN ÖNEMİ ALPER BOLAT Trakya Üniversitesi Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Tarım Makineleri Bölümü Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makineleri Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Selçuk ARIN 2007, Sayfa: 56 Jüri: Prof. Dr. Selçuk ARIN Prof. Dr. Bahattin AKDEMİR Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erdal KILIÇ Tarımda enerji kullanımı, her yönüyle tekrar gözden geçirilmesi gereken bir kavram olarak tarımsal üretimde yüksek verimliliğin temel koşuludur. Yakıt girdisindeki maliyet artışları ve ürün fiyatlarında yıllar bazında yaşanmakta olan değişkenlik, tarımla geçinen kesimin, bilimdeki gelişmelere paralel olarak sunulan seçenek yakıtlardan özellikle biyodizelin daha fazla talep duyulur hale gelmesini hızlandırmakta ve seçenek yakıtlar, gerek üretim gerekse yasal düzenleme çalışmaları henüz tam anlamıyla sonuçlandırılamadığı için de bu geçiş süreci sancılı bir biçimde devam etmektedir. Bu arada, yeni bilimsel çalışmalarla fayda analizleri ve seçenek yakıtların işbaşarısına her türlü etkilerinin araştırılması da sürdürülmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında, çiftçimizin tarımsal faaliyetlerindeki temel güç kaynağı olan traktörlerinin daha ucuz maliyetle işletilebilmesi ve bunun karşılığı olarak motorda işbaşarısının etkilenme derecelerine ışık tutmak amacıyla karakteristik değerlerinin i değişimleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmanın, motor testi olmaktan çıkarılıp traktör kuyruk mili testi ile traktör üzerinde ele alınması, sonuçların daha gerçekçi değerlendirilmesi açısından önemli görülmüş ve ortaya çıkan sonuçlar, objektif bir bakış açısıyla yorumlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler : Biyodizel, motor karakteristikleri, motor performansı. iiTHE AFFECTS OF BIODIESEL ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE OF AN MID-HP AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BIODIESEL FOR TURKIYE ALPER BOLAT Trakya University Tekirdağ Agricultural Faculty Department of Agricultural Machinery Trakya University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Agricultural Machinery Mainscience Section Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Selçuk ARIN 2007, Page: 56 Jury: Prof. Dr. Selçuk ARIN Prof. Dr. Bahattin AKDEMİR Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erdal KILIÇ Energy use in agriculture has great significance which needed to be reviewed from the productivity point of view through the agricultural production. Increasing tendency of petrodiesel cost and price fluctuations of yield year to year promote the press on biodiesel demand that arising from the farmer side in line with the scientific improvements and transition period for the alternative fuels is still progressing painful, this is not dealing with only biodiesel production also deals with the legislative regulations which have not been put in an order entirely. However, cost and benefit analyses are being studied by means of recent scientific researches and the influences of alternative fuels on engine performance are still being subjected to discuss. This thesis pursuits the cheaper operation possibilities of an agricultural tractor that is the main power source in agricultural occupation of farmers and how biodiesel affects the tractor engine performance whether leading to some changes that measured iii by means of power take-off brake test. This study takes the experiments out from being an ordinary engine test and apply it as Pto test which can be given more reasonable consequences with the realistic approach, this is because taking into consideration the tests over the selected tractor. Keywords: Biodiesel, engine performance characteristics, engine performance. i

Investigation of engine performance of waste cooking oil as a fuel in diesel tractor engines

Bu çalışma, 03-06 Eylül 2013 tarihleri arasında Prague[Çek Cumhuriyeti]’da düzenlenen 5. International Conference on Trends in Agricultural Engineering’da bildiri olarak sunulmuştur.In this study; the availability of waste cooking oil (WCO) is experimentally examined whether it can be used as an alternative fuel in 3-cylinder, 4-stroke, direct injection and 48 kW power tractor engine. Test engine is operated at full load conditions by using diesel fuel and waste vegetable oil from 2400 to 1100 cycle and performance values are recorded. Tests are performed in two stages in order to evaluate the effect of the waste oils on engine life cycle. When the test engine is operated with diesel fuel and waste cooking oil; engine torque has decreased between 0,09 % and 3 % according to the cycle and average smoke opacity ratio has remained at the same ratios. However in the tests performed at the end of 100-hour operation; while no significant difference occurs in the diesel fuel, significant reduction is seen in the engine torque of WCO between 4,21 % and 14,48 % according to the cycle and an increase in average smoke opacity ratio is seen. The results obtained from the studies, it is determined that the engine performance values of waste cooking oil show similar properties with the diesel fuel but in long-term usage, performance losses have increased

An investigation of engine and fuel system performance in a diesel engine operating on waste cooking oil

Waste cooking oil (WCO) was experimentally examined to determine whether it can be used as an alternative fuel in a 3-cylinder, 4-stroke, direct injection, 48 kW power tractor engine. The test engine was operated under full load conditions using diesel fuel and waste vegetable oil from the 2400 to 1100 rpm and performance values were recorded. Tests were performed in two stages to evaluate the effect of the waste oils on the engine life cycle. When the test engine was operated with diesel fuel and waste cooking oil; engine torque decreased between at ratio of 0.09 % and 3% according to the engine speed. While no significant difference occurs in the diesel fuel tests at the end of 100 hours of operation, an important reduction was observed in the engine torque of the WCO engine between 4.21% and 14.48% according to the engine speed, and an increase in average smoke opacity ratio was also observed. In accordance with the results obtained from the studies, it was determined that the engine performance values of waste cooking oil show similar properties with diesel fuel, but in long-term usage, performance losses increased. In the SEM analysis performed on the fuel system, there were dark deposits at the nozzle tip and stem. According to an EDX analysis at the nozzle tips, the detected elements point to engine oil ash in the combustion chamber and show coking products (C and O). The other elements (Na, S, Ca, P, Cl, and K) point to used WCO.BOSCH Bursa Dizel Sistemle

Assessment of Spray Drift with Various Adjuvants in a Wind Tunnel

When pesticides are sprayed, a significant portion of the droplets drifts away from the target. Using an adjuvant in spray liquid is an easy option for reducing droplet drift because there is no need to make any changes to the sprayer. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of seven commercially available adjuvants (Surfeco plus, Starguar, Kantor, Sterling, Control, Control WM, and Control DUO) with varying active ingredients on droplet size, surface tension, and viscosity. Since these properties affect droplet formation, these adjuvants were evaluated in terms of their drift-reducing performance in a wind tunnel at various wind speeds (2.0, 3.5, and 5.0 m/s) and spray pressures (3, 4, and 5 bars). The ground and airborne components of drift were evaluated. With the use of a patternator, the potential for the ground drift of adjuvants was measured; for airborne drift, polyethylene lines that were stretched along the cross-section area of the wind tunnel at various heights were employed. The number of deposits of a tracer dye–adjuvant mixture that was sprayed on the polyethylene lines was measured via fluorometric methods for determining the airborne drift potential. The test results showed that the adjuvant Control Duo containing a polymer blend, which had the highest dynamic viscosity (4.27 mPa.s), increased the Dv0.5 droplet diameter up to 192 μm at 3 bar with nozzle XR11002. This adjuvant reduced the ground drift potential (Dc) by 60.53% compared to tap water. The maximum airborne drift potential reduction percentage (DPRP) was obtained as 85.76% with Surfeco plus containing organic silicone at a pressure of 3 bar and a wind velocity of 5 m/s. When considering the airborne drift-reduction potential of the adjuvants used, it was found that the adjuvants Control WM, Control, Starguar, and Surfeco plus significantly reduced the airborne droplet drift compared to spraying tap water

Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of waste cooking oil as biodiesel in a diesel engine

Abstract Biodiesel is one of the most popular prospective alternative fuels and can be obtained from a variety of sources. Waste frying oil is one such source along with the various raw vegetable oils. However, some specific technical treatments are required to improve certain fuel properties such as viscosity and calorific value of the biodiesel being obtained from waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME). Various treatments are applied depending on the source and therefore the composition of the cooking oil. This research investigated the performance of WCOME as an alternative biofuel in a four-stroke direct injection diesel engine. An 8-mode test was undertaken with diesel fuel and five WCOME blends. The best compromise blend in terms of performance and emissions was identified. Results showed that energy utilization factors of the blends were similar within the range of the operational parameters (speed, load and WCOME content). Increasing biodiesel content produced slightly more smoke and NOx for a great majority of test points, while the CO and THC emissions were lower

Clitoris metastasis from a retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma A case report

Leiomyosarcoma is a rare form of cancer commonly found in the retroperitoneum, uterus, stomach, small intestine and vascular tissue. Surgery with a wide margin of resection is the most effective treatment. Nevertheless, metastasis is common and generally occurs within the first 3 years. The liver and lungs are the most common sites of metastasis in leiomyosarcoma. Other sites of metastasis include bone, spleen, soft tissues and brain. Metastatic tumours of the clitoris are extremely rare. As cited in the literature, the most common cancers that metastasize to the clitoris are breast, bladder, renal and gastric. Here, we report a case of a clitoral mass in a 64-year-old woman who received an operation for retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma 4 years prior. Mass resection was performed. The pathological diagnosis was a leiomyosarcoma metastasis. The patient also presented with brain and lung metastases at the time of the clitoral metastasis. This is the first case of clitoral and brain metastases originating from a retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma