Der Pferdekopf - ein interaktives Lernprogramm

Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit steht erstmals ein ausführliches Lernprogramm für die systematische und topographische Anatomie des Pferdekopfes zur Verfügung. Behandelt werden alle relevanten Themen. Ausgenommen sind lediglich das Gehirn und die Sinnesorgane, die einem weiteren Programm vorbehalten bleiben. Damit verfügen die Studierenden im vorklinischen Abschnitt des Studiums erstmals über ein zeitgemäßes Unterrichtsmittel für die klinisch-topographische Anatomie des Pferdekopfes. Sie können damit den aus Zeitgründen oft nur knapp behandelten Lernstoff vor- und nacharbeiten. Zugleich bietet dieses Programm höheren Semestern und praktizierenden Tierärzten ein gründlich recherchiertes systematisches Nachschlagewerk, das aufgrund seines umfangreichen Indexes sehr benutzerfreundlich ist. Im schriftlichen Teil dieser Arbeit wurde der im Lernprogramm behandelte Stoff ausführlich dargestellt und anhand der fünf gängigsten deutschsprachigen Anatomiebücher („Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere“ (Band I-IV), „Anatomie der Haussäugetiere“, „Anatomie für die Tiermedizin“, „Atlas der Anatomie des Pferdes“ und „Praxisorientierte Anatomie und Propädeutik des Pferdes“) aufgearbeitet und diskutiert. Im Lernprogramm wurde der Lernstoff sowohl durch Texte, als auch durch eine Vielzahl von detailreichen Präparatefotos und klaren Schemazeichnungen sowie endoskopischen Filmen dargestellt. Programmiert wurde das Lernprogramm in HTML. Für die Präparatefotos wurden Schädel sowie ein ganzer und zwölf halbe Pferdeköpfe und etliche Teilpräparate verwendet, die unter einem enormen Arbeitaufwand präpariert wurden. Im Anschluss an die Präparation wurden die Köpfe plastiniert. Sie stehen somit den Studenten dauerhaft zur Verfügung und stellen eine Bereicherung der Präparierübungen dar. Da jedem Kopf ein anderes Themengebiet zugeteilt wurde, ist ein breites Spektrum mit verschiedenen Strukturen entstanden, wie es bis lang noch nicht vorhanden war. Zur Verdeutlichung von zusammenhängenden Strukturen und zur Darstellung von nicht präparierten Strukturen wurde auf Schemazeichnungen zurückgegriffen. Sowohl im schriftlichen Teil als auch im Lernprogramm werden auf diese Weise folgende Bereiche der systematischen und topographischen Anatomie des Pferdekopfes behandelt: die Knochen, die Muskeln, die Gefäße, die Lymphknoten, die Gehirnnerven (V, VII, IX-XII), der Atmungsapparat, der Verdauungsapparat und der Luftsack. Ein Quiz am Ende eines jeden Lernprogrammkapitels ermöglicht dem Lernenden zudem seinen derzeitigen Wissenstand zu überprüfen.For the first time ever, this thesis provides an extensive learning programme for the systematic and topographic anatomy of a horse’s head. Except the brain and sense organs which are subject to a further learning programme, all relevant topics are discussed within this learning programme. For the first time, this learning programme provides students in the pre-clinical stage of their studies with a contemporary teaching aid for the clinical-topographic anatomy of a horse’s head. The learning programme enables the undergraduate students to deepen their knowledge prior to or after a lecture since, due to time constraints, the content of the curriculum is often discussed only briefly. At the same time, this learning programme provides graduate students and practicing veterinarians with an in-depth reference book which is also very user-friendly due to its comprehensive index. The written part of this thesis outlines and discusses in detail the subject of the learning programme and is based on the five most established German-speaking text books for anatomy („The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals“ (Volume I-IV), „Anatomy of Domestic Mammals“, „Anatomie für die Tiermedizin“, „Anatomy of the Horse“ and „Praxisorientierte Anatomie und Propädeutik des Pferdes“). Within the learning programme, the content of the curriculum is further illustrated by text, detailed pictures of preparation, clear drawings as well as endoscopic films. The learning programme is programmed in HTML. Following a meticulous and time consuming dissection process, skulls as well as one whole and twelve half horse’s heads, in addition to other partial preparations, were used for the photographs of anatomical specimens. After the dissection, the heads were plastinated. Therefore the heads will serve the students permanently and are an enrichment to the dissection course. The fact that a specific topic was allocated to each specimen enabled the development of a broad spectrum of different structures. Drawings were used to demonstrate the context of structures and to demonstrate structures which were not prepared. Based on the aforementioned method, the following topics of the systematic and topographic anatomy of a horse’s head are processed within the written part of the thesis and the learning programme: the bones, the muscles, the vessels, the lymph nodes, the cranial nerves (V, VII, IX-XII), the respiratory apparatus, the digestive apparatus and the guttural pouch. A quiz at the end of each chapter of the learning programme enables the learner to check her or his current level of knowledge

Чинники та фактори зростання продуктивності праці на підприємстві

In this study, we functionally analyzed the gene family encoding necrosis- and ethylene-inducing-like proteins (NLPs) of the vascular wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae. We show that the composition of the NLP gene family varies little among V. dahliae isolates. The cytotoxic activity of NLP family members of a tomato pathogenic V. dahliae strain was determined, demonstrating that only two of the seven NLPs induced plant cell death. The genes encoding these cytotoxic NLPs were found to be induced in V. dahliae upon colonization of tomato. Interestingly, targeted deletion of either of the two genes in V. dahliae significantly compromised virulence on tomato as well as on Arabidopsis plants, whereas deletion of only one of the two genes affected virulence on N. benthamiana. This could be attributed to differential induction of the two NLP genes in V. dahliae upon N. benthamiana colonization, revealing that the in planta induction of NLP genes varies between plant hosts. Intriguingly, one of the NLP genes appears to also affect vegetative growth and conidiospore production, as the corresponding deletion strain produced significantly less conidiospores and developed extensive aerial mycelium. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the expanded V. dahliae NLP family shows functional diversification, not only revealing differential cytotoxicity between family members, but also that the cytotoxic NLPs play a role in vegetative growth and asexual reproduction in addition to their contribution to virulence

Изменение параметров процесса выброса угля и газа в зависимости от длины шпуров для отбойки угля и породы

Виконано чисельне моделювання процесу викиду вугілля та метану у вибої одиночної гірничої виробки, що проводиться буропідривним способом. Розглянуто ініціювання процесу викиду у випадках різної довжини шпурів для відбивання вугілля та породи. Проаналізовано зміну розподілів коефіцієнтів проникності поперед вибоєм, значень тиску газу та швидкості утворення порожнини викиду вугілля та газу.Numerical modeling of process of coal and methane outburst in a working face of single opening, what is driving by drill and fire system, is executed. Initiation of coal and methane outburst process in cases of various length of blast-holes is observed. Change of distribution of permeability coefficient ahead of a face, pressure values and speed of formation of outburst cavity is analysed

Functional traits influence patterns in vegetative and reproductive plant phenology – a multi-botanical garden study

1. Phenology has emerged as key indicator of the biological impacts of climate change, yet the role of functional traits constraining variation in herbaceous species’ phenology has received little attention. Botanical gardens are ideal places in which to investigate large numbers of species growing under common climate conditions. We ask whether interspecific variation in plant phenology is influenced by differences in functional traits. 2. We recorded onset, end, duration and intensity of initial growth, leafing out, leaf senescence, flowering and fruiting for 212 species across five botanical gardens in Germany. We measured functional traits, including plant height, absolute and specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf carbon and nitrogen content and seed mass and accounted for species’ relatedness. 3. Closely related species showed greater similarities in timing of phenological events than expected by chance, but species' traits had a high degree of explanatory power, pointing to paramount importance of species’ life-history strategies. Taller plants showed later timing of initial growth, and flowered, fruited and underwent leaf senescence later. Large-leaved species had shorter flowering and fruiting durations. 4. Taller, large-leaved species differ in their phenology and are more competitive than smaller, small-leaved species. We assume climate warming will change plant communities’ competitive hierarchies with consequences for biodiversity

Characterization of blackbody inhomogeneity and its effect on the retrieval results of the GLORIA instrument

Limb sounding instruments play an important role in the monitoring of climate trends, as they provide a good vertical resolution. Traceability to the International System of Units (SI) via onboard reference or transfer standards is needed to compare trend estimates from multiple instruments. This study investigates the required uncertainty of these radiation standards to properly resolve decadal trends of climate-relevant trace species like ozone, water vapor, and temperature distribution for the Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA). Temperature nonuniformities of the onboard reference blackbodies, used for radiometric calibration, have an impact on the calibration uncertainty. The propagation of these nonuniformities through the retrieval is analyzed. A threshold for the maximum tolerable uncertainty of the blackbody temperature is derived, so that climate trends can be significantly identified with GLORIA

Spatial variability in herbaceous plant phenology is mostly explained by variability in temperature but also by photoperiod and functional traits

Whereas temporal variability of plant phenology in response to climate change has already been well studied, the spatial variability of phenology is not well understood. Given that phenological shifts may affect biotic interactions, there is a need to investigate how the variability in environmental factors relates to the spatial variability in herbaceous species’ phenology by at the same time considering their functional traits to predict their general and species-specific responses to future climate change. In this project, we analysed phenology records of 148 herbaceous species, which were observed for a single year by the PhenObs network in 15 botanical gardens. For each species, we characterised the spatial variability in six different phenological stages across gardens. We used boosted regression trees to link these variabilities in phenology to the variability in environmental parameters (temperature, latitude and local habitat conditions) as well as species traits (seed mass, vegetative height, specific leaf area and temporal niche) hypothesised to be related to phenology variability. We found that spatial variability in the phenology of herbaceous species was mainly driven by the variability in temperature but also photoperiod was an important driving factor for some phenological stages. In addition, we found that early-flowering and less competitive species characterised by small specific leaf area and vegetative height were more variable in their phenology. Our findings contribute to the field of phenology by showing that besides temperature, photoperiod and functional traits are important to be included when spatial variability of herbaceous species is investigated

Genotyping-by-sequencing-based identification of Arabidopsis pattern recognition receptor RLP32 recognizing proteobacterial translation initiation factor IF1

Activation of plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) relies on the recognition of microbe-derived structures, termed patterns, through plant-encoded surface-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). We show that proteobacterial translation initiation factor 1 (IF1) triggers PTI in Arabidopsis thaliana and related Brassicaceae species. Unlike for most other immunogenic patterns, IF1 elicitor activity cannot be assigned to a small peptide epitope, suggesting that tertiary fold features are required for IF1 receptor activation. We have deployed natural variation in IF1 sensitivity to identify Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like protein 32 (RLP32) as IF1 receptor using a restriction site-associated DNA sequencing approach. RLP32 confers IF1 sensitivity to rlp32 mutants, IF1-insensitive Arabidopsis accessions and IF1-insensitive Nicotiana benthamiana, binds IF1 specifically and forms complexes with LRR receptor kinases SOBIR1 and BAK1 to mediate signaling. Similar to other PRRs, RLP32 confers resistance to Pseudomonas syringae, highlighting an unexpectedly complex array of bacterial pattern sensors within a single plant species

The PhenObs initiative: A standardised protocol for monitoring phenological responses to climate change using herbaceous plant species in botanical gardens

Changes in phenology induced by climate change occur across the globe with important implications for ecosystem functioning and services, species performance and trophic interactions. Much of the work on phenology, especially leaf out and flowering, has been conducted on woody plant species. Less is known about the responses in phenology of herbaceous species induced by global change even though they represent a large and important part of biodiversity worldwide. A globally coordinated research effort is needed to understand the drivers and implications of such changes and to predict effects of global change on plant species phenology and related ecosystem processes. Here, we present the rationale of the PhenObs initiative-botanical gardens as a global phenological observation network. The initiative aims to collect data on plant phenology in botanical gardens which will be used alongside information on plant traits and site conditions to answer questions related to the consequences of global change: What is the variation in plant phenology in herbaceous species across the growing season and in response to changes in climate? How can plant phenology be predicted from species' trait composition, provenance, position and extent of the distribution range and species' phylogeny? What are the implications of this variation with respect to species performance and assembly, biotic interactions (e.g. plant-pollinator interactions) as well as ecosystem processes and services under changing land use and climate? Here, we lay out the development of a straightforward protocol that is appropriate for monitoring phenology across a vast diversity of growth forms of herbaceous species from various habitats and geographical regions. To focus on a key number of stages necessary to capture all aspects of plant species phenology, we analysed associations between 14 phenological stages. These data were derived from a 2-year study on 199 species in four German botanical gardens. Based on the relationships of the phenological stages, we propose to monitor three vegetative stages ('initial growth', 'leaves unfolding' and 'senescence') and two reproductive stages ('flowers open' and 'ripe fruits') to fully capture herbaceous species phenology. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article

The tomato receptor CuRe1 senses a cell wall protein to identify Cuscuta as a pathogen

Parasitic plants of the genus Cuscuta penetrate shoots of host plants with haustoria and build a connection to the host vasculature to exhaust water, solutes and carbohydrates. Such infections usually stay unrecognized by the host and lead to harmful host plant damage. Here, we show a molecular mechanism of how plants can sense parasitic Cuscuta. We isolated an 11 kDa protein of the parasite cell wall and identified it as a glycine-rich protein (GRP). This GRP, as well as its minimal peptide epitope Crip21, serve as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern and specifically bind and activate a membrane-bound immune receptor of tomato, the Cuscuta Receptor 1 (CuRe1), leading to defense responses in resistant hosts. These findings provide the initial steps to understand the resistance mechanisms against parasitic plants and further offer great potential for protecting crops by engineering resistance against parasitic plants