Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera Plant Extracts in Comparison with Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic Against Staphylococcus aureus

The current drug resistance in human pathogens is a result of the abuse of antibacterial drugs commonly used to treat diseases. Early human civilizations used Moringa oleifera extracts to treat illnesses and infections caused by food-borne bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. In order to calculate the antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera against Staphylococcus aureus, methanolic extracts from its three parts were prepared. A photochemical analysis of the methanolic leaves, seeds, and roots extracts was performed when the extracts were ready for testing. We used well-diffusion methods to add the three extracts, and the ciprofloxacin antibiotic was used as the standard. From the stock solution, serial dilutions were made in order to calculate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In the phytochemical screening test, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, and flavonoids were most abundant in leaves extract, followed by seeds then roots extracts. Moringa oleifera seeds have the highest inhibition zone, which is about 10mm, followed by Moringa oleifera roots at 9mm, and Moringa oleifera leaves at 7mm. In comparison to the other two extracts, the MIC of methanolic extract from Moringa oleifera leaves was 250 mm, the highest concentration, with a MIC of 125 mm for roots and 62.50 mm for seeds. Methanolic extracts of Moringa seeds demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in the present study. For further studies, it is suggested a deeper investigation to study the antibacterial agent dosages of these plant parts, which may be used by the pharmaceutical industry

Antifungal Activity of Moringa peregrina Plant Extracts Against Candida kruzei

Commercial antibacterial drugs commonly used to treat diseases have led to the current drug resistance in humans. Early human civilizations used Moringa peregrina extracts against a variety of illnesses and infections caused by food. M. Peregrina grows well in a variety of harsh conditions, including high temperatures, limited water supply, and nutrient-deficient soils. There is something remarkable about this plant's resilience and ability to survive in challenging environments. To conserve water and withstand extreme drought conditions, it has evolved unique adaptations. M. peregrina's deciduous leaves allow it to shed its leaves during dry periods to reduce water loss through transpiration. As a result of this adaptation, it is able to endure prolonged periods of water scarcity. A serious infection can be caused by Candida kruzei, an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is especially dangerous to immuno-compromised individuals, and the increasing drug-resistance of several Candida strains have necessitated the search for alternative to standard anti-fungal agents to which resistance has grown. The objective of this study was to investigate the antifungal effect of M. peregrina ethanolic extract derived from its leaves, seeds, and roots against C. kruzei. The phytochemical screening of M. peregrina extracts were performed using qualitative determination whilst the antifungal activity of methanol and water extracts of leaves, seeds, and roots was performed using the agar diffusion method. The results of the phytochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of phenolic compounds, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The studied extracts displayed various degrees of antifungal activities against C. kruzei. The extract of the leaves was active against C. kruzei with recorded minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10mg/ml. There is a need for further research to isolate and identify the antimicrobial agent in different parts of M. peregrina. A deeper investigation should be conducted into the antibacterial agent dosages of these plant parts, which may then be used by the pharmaceutical industry.&nbsp

Effect of feeding raw and processed Meskit (Prosopis juliflora) pods on serum biochemistry and histopathology of the liver and kidney of Omani sheep

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of incorporating raw or processed Meskit pods on histopathology of kidney and liver of sheep. Twenty-four Omani sheep were fed one of four diets: Rhodes grass hay (RGH) plus commercial concentrate (CC); RGH plus raw Meskit pods based diet (RMP); RGH plus roasted Meskit pods based diet (ROMP); RGH plus soaked Meskit pods based diet (SMP) for 84 days. Histological and serum biochemical analyses were used to assess sheep health. Animals were slaughtered and kidney and liver tissue samples were collected. The microscopic results showed that, incorporating raw, roasted or soaked pods to level of 50% of formulated rations resulted in n o histological changes in kidney and liver tissues and most serum biochemical values were similar among the treatments. In general, feeding formulated rations based on raw or processed Meskit pods did not cause histological changes in kidneys or livers of Omani sheep even at high intake

Antibacterial activity of raw and processed meskit (prosopis juliflora) pods' extracts

The methanolic crude extracts of raw and processed Prosopis juliflora pods were assessed for their antibacterial activity using well-diffusion method on Escherichia coli, Kelbsiella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., and Bacillus sp. Tests showed that raw pods' extract has higher zone of inhibition compared with soaked and roasted pods' extracts with diameter ranged between 13 and 20 mm against all tested bacteria except for Klebsiella spp. There was with more inhibition of Gram-positives than Gram-negatives. However, roasted pods extract inhibited Streptococcus spp and Bacillus only with an inhibition zone of 10 and 6 mm, respectively. Dilution experiments showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of raw pods' extract was as follows; S. aureus (250 mg/ml), Streptococcus spp. (62.5 mg/ml) Bacillus spp. (125 mg/ml) and E-coli (125 mg/ml). Results indicated that the MIC of 62.5 mg/ml of raw pods' extract is equivalent to effects of Gentamicin (30 mg) and Kanamycin (30 mg) against Streptococcus spp. It was concluded that the raw and soaked P. juliflora pods extracts could be a potential source for antibacterial agents. However, roasting of Prosopis julilfora pods extremely reduced the strength of antibacterial activity

Análisis sistémico de las externalidades del mercado de bioetanol

Trabajo de investigaciónEn Colombia a partir de la resolución 40108 de 2018, se aumentó el porcentaje de mezcla del combustibles llegando a un 10% (90% combustibles fósiles 10% biocombustibles), actualmente para suplir esta demanda, las productoras de bioetanol requieren emplear al 100% su capacidad instalada, mejorar sus prácticas de cultivo de caña de azúcar y hacer uso de nuevas hectáreas, por tanto, el presente trabajo de grado tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis sistémico de las externalidades del mercado de bioetanol.INTRODUCCIÓN 1. Formulación del trabajo 2. Marco referencial 3. Diagrama propuesto 4. Conclusiones generales BibliografiaPregradoEconomist

Effects of feeding raw and treated meskit [Prosopis juliflora (SW.) DC.] pods to Omani Sheep

Inclusion of soaked or roasted Meskit pods at high level in concentrate diets for sheep to improve feed intake and reduce production cost has not been studied. The novelty of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporating soaked or roasted Meskit pods at 50% level in formulated concentrates on digestibility, cost of production, performance, health status and carcass and meat quality of Omani sheep. A locally developed roasting machine was used to roast the Meskit pods at 150 оC for 30 minutes, and tap water was used in soaking the Meskit pods for 24 hours. Formulation of the Meskit pod concentrates was done using, 500 g/kg ground Meskit pods, 240 g/kg wheat bran, 200 g/kg barley, 50 g/kg dried sardine and10 g/kg of salt. All feeds were evaluated using in vitro gas production method. Four groups of intact male Omani sheep at age of 10 months-old with an average of initial weights of 27.43 ± 2.47 kg were used in feeding trial. Each group comprising of six sheep was allocated to receive either 500g/day of commercial concentrate (Oman Feed Mills) or one of the formulated Meskit pods based concentrates; commercial concentrate (CC); roasted Meskit pods based concentrate (ROMPC); raw Meskit pods based concentrate (RMPC) or soaked Meskit pods based concentrate (SMPC). All sheep were allowed free access to Rhodes grass hay and water. Daily feed intakes and bi-weekly body weights were recorded for 84 days. Later, a total of 12 sheep (3 animals per diet) underwent a digestibility experiment comprising of 10 adaptation days and 10 days for sample collection. Blood samples were collected three times during the experimental period, day one, day 42nd and on the last day of the experiment (day 84). At the end of the experiment, the sheep were slaughtered to evaluate carcass and meat quality. The collected blood samples were analysed for hematological and serum biochemistry levels, liver and kidney samples for histopathology to determine the health status of the animals. The outcome of the analysis revealed a higher CP in RMPC (14.69%) and had higher ADF and NDF in ROMPC (18.28% and 34.74%, respectively) in comparison to the rest of Meskit pods based concentrates. The RMPC indicated higher condensed tannin (2.18%) and saponin (4.12%) in comparison to other Meskit pods based concentrates whereas CC revealed non-detectable tannin. In vitro gas production results showed that raw pods (0.087 ml/h) had the lowest gas production compared to treated Meskit pods. There were no signs of illness and microscopic results of kidney and livers samples of sheep did not show any abnormalities. There were no considerable variations of digestibility coefficients of all aspects, and rumen condition had no diets effect with an exception of increased acetic acid in ROMPC group. Roasting of Meskit pods significantly increased feed intake and body weight gain by sheep as compared to use of raw or soaked Meskit pods and were comparable to those fed CC. The carcass characteristics and meat quality indicated no significant differences with an exception that sheep fed with ROMPC and CC had increased carcass weights, and ROMPC fed animals had carcass with higher expressed juice. The use of ROMPC for sheep significantly maximized the profit of the feedlot operation. This study indicated that raw and treated Meskit pods could be used at level of 50% in concentrates for feeding Omani sheep without adverse impacts on health, digestibility, performance or carcass and meat quality and roasting the Meskit pods is highly recommended as a strategy to improve the feed intake and growth rate of Omani sheep and might be an alternative feed compared to the highly priced commercial concentrate