UJI TOKSISITAS BERBAGAI JENIS DAN KONSENTRASI DETERJEN TERHADAP TINGKAT KERUSAKAN INSANG DAN MORTALITAS IKAN MAS (Cyprinus carpio)

Toxicity is toxic relative character related with its potential to cause negative effect for living creature. Water pollution is the entrance of living creature, element, energy, and another component in water by human activity so that the water quality decreased into certain level which caused the water couldn’t function as the general function. The research purpose is to find out the influence of various kind and concentrate of detergent to gills corruptness and mortality of gold fish (Cyprinus carpio), to find out the detergent brand which has the highest level to gold fish gills corruptness and mortality, beside, the research aimed to find out the influence of combination of kind and concentrate of detergent to the corruption of fish gills and mortality of gold fish. The research was true experimental research. The experiment design used complete random design with 20 treatments, they were four kinds of detergents and each of detergent has 0.08 mg/L, 0.04 g/L, 0.07 g/L, 0.10 g/L, 0.13 g/L concentrates. While 4 detergents used were Attack, Rinso, Wings biru, dan Krim ekonomi. Sampling technique used to Simple Random Sampling. Research indicator was the level of fish gills corruption and mortality of gold fish.. Data analysis used two way ANAVA continued with Duncan’s Test 1%. According to two way ANAVA test, there showed that there is influence of detergent kind and concentrate to the level of gills corruptness and mortality of Gold fish (Cyprinus carpio). From the Duncan’s Test 1%, concentrate of Wings Biru brand 0.13 g/L had the highest influence to the level of gills corruptness and mortality of gold fish. Attack Detergent concentrate 0.008 had the smallest influence

Pengaruh Kadar Air Dilapangan Dan Ratio Air – Fly Ash Terhadap Kekuatan Dan Pengembangan Tanah Ekspansif Untuk Metode Dsm (Deep Soil Mixing)

Tanah lempung ekspansif memiliki daya dukung tanah yang rendah pada kondisi muka air yang tinggi, sifat kembang susut (swelling) yang besar dan plastisitas yang tinggi. Selain itu, karena sifat kembang susut yang cukup besar pada tanah lempung ekspansif mengakibatkan terjadinya penurunan (deformasi) yang sering kali tidak dapat dipikul oleh kekokohan struktur diatasnya. Salah satu metode stabilisasi tanah yang digunakan dalam upaya untuk memperbaiki mutu tanah yang kurang baik antara lain yaitu stabilisasi kimiawi. Stabilisasi kimiawi dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan stabilizing agents pada tanah dasar yang akan ditingkatkan mutunya. Stabilizing agents yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah fly ash. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan yaitu, untuk mengetahui nilai kuat geser terbesar yang diberikan variasi pada kadar air. Pada penelitian ini objek yang diamati adalah, tanah lempung ekspansif dengan penambahan 15% fly ash dan variasi kadar air. Variasi kadar air yang diberikan pada campuran tanah lempung dengan fly ash adalah 25,8%, 22,8%, 18,8%, 14,8%, 10,8% dari berat isi kering tanah. Pada penelitian ini sampel yang telah dibuat akan di uji pengembangan (swelling), dan unconfined compression test. Dari hasil pengujian benda uji, didapatkan pada sampel tanah lempung ekspansif dengan 15% fly ash dan kadar air 18,8% memiliki nilai kuat tekan dan kuat geser terbesar dibandingkan dengan variasi kadar air yang lainnya. Nilai kuat tekan bebas (qu) dan kuat geser (cu) tanah kondisi unsoaked dan soaked mengalami peningkatan pada penambahan fly ash 15% dengan kadar air sebesar 18,8%, kemudian mengalami penurunan nilai qu dan cu pada pengurangan kadar air dibawah 18,8%, semakin besar penambahan kadar air maka semakin kecil nilai pengembangan (swelling). Kata

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURE AND GRADIENT INFILL ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR POLYLACTIDE ACID MATERIALS (PLA)

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of our gradient infill on the mechanical behavior of polylactide acid (PLA) materials resulting from 3d printing, which has an impact on the efficiency of material use while still providing good mechanical support. In this study, the specimens were designed using nTopology software and there were 4 variations of the structure, namely square, honeycomb, diamond, and gyroid, each of which was made gradient and non-gradient, then a bending test was carried out to determine its mechanical behavior thats PLA materials. The results of this study indicate that a comparison between specimens with gradient and non-gradient models with 50% porosity can increase the deflection of the specimen, namely square 15.7-19.1 mm, honeycomb 16.3-20.6 mm, Diamond 19.7-21.8 mm, and gyroid 20.3-22.1 mm, with an average deflection of 2.04 mm. In addition, there is a linear correlation of the relationship between thickness to deflection and flexural modulus whereas the thickness value increases, the deflection and flexural modulus will increase. The conclusion of this research is that giving a gradient to the structure can improve mechanical behavior, especially deflection

Supporting ultra poor people with rehabilitation and therapy among families of children with cerebral palsy in rural Bangladesh (SUPPORT CP) : Protocol of a randomised controlled trial

Introduction Poverty is a key contributor to delayed diagnosis and limited access to early intervention and rehabilitation for children with cerebral palsy (CP) in rural Bangladesh. 97% of families of children with CP live below the poverty line in Bangladesh. Therefore, in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), efforts to improve outcomes for children with CP (including health-related quality of life, motor function, communication, and nutritional attainments) should also include measures to improve family economic and social capital. We propose a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated microfinance/livelihood and community-based rehabilitation (IMCBR) program for ultra-poor families of children with CP in rural Bangladesh. Material and methods This will be a cluster RCT comparing three arms: (a) integrated microfinance/livelihood and community-based rehabilitation (IMCBR); (b) community-based rehabilitation (CBR) alone; and (c) care-as-usual (i.e. no intervention). Seven clusters will be recruited within each arm. Each cluster will consist of 10 child-caregiver dyads totalling 21 clusters with 210 dyads. Parents recruited in the IMCBR arm will take part in a microfinance/livelihood program and Parent Training Module (PTM), their children with CP will take part in a Goal Directed Training (GDT) program. The programs will be facilitated by specially trained Community Rehabilitation Officers. The CBR arm includes the same PTM and GDT interventions excluding the microfinance/livelihood program. The care-as-usual arm will be provided with information about early intervention and rehabilitation. The assessors will be blinded to group allocation. The duration of the intervention will be 12 months; outcomes will be measured at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months. Conclusion This will be the first RCT of an integrated microfinance/livelihood and CBR program for children with CP in LMIC settings. Evidence from the study could transform approaches to improving wellbeing of children with CP and their ultra-poor families

PENGARUH KADAR AIR DILAPANGAN DAN RATIO AIR – FLY ASH TERHADAP KEKUATAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN TANAH EKSPANSIF UNTUK METODE DSM (DEEP SOIL MIXING)

Tanah lempung ekspansif memiliki daya dukung tanah yang rendah pada kondisi muka air yang tinggi, sifat kembang susut (swelling) yang besar dan plastisitas yang tinggi. Selain itu, karena sifat kembang susut yang cukup besar pada tanah lempung ekspansif mengakibatkan terjadinya penurunan (deformasi) yang sering kali tidak dapat dipikul oleh kekokohan struktur diatasnya. Salah satu metode stabilisasi tanah yang digunakan dalam upaya untuk memperbaiki mutu tanah yang kurang baik antara lain yaitu stabilisasi kimiawi. Stabilisasi kimiawi dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan stabilizing agents pada tanah dasar yang akan ditingkatkan mutunya. Stabilizing agents yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah fly ash. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan yaitu, untuk mengetahui nilai kuat geser terbesar yang diberikan variasi pada kadar air. Pada penelitian ini objek yang diamati adalah, tanah lempung ekspansif dengan penambahan 15% fly ash dan variasi kadar air. Variasi kadar air yang diberikan pada campuran tanah lempung dengan fly ash adalah 25,8%, 22,8%, 18,8%, 14,8%, 10,8% dari berat isi kering tanah. Pada penelitian ini sampel yang telah dibuat akan di uji pengembangan (swelling), dan unconfined compression test. Dari hasil pengujian benda uji, didapatkan pada sampel tanah lempung ekspansif dengan 15% fly ash dan kadar air 18,8% memiliki nilai kuat tekan dan kuat geser terbesar dibandingkan dengan variasi kadar air yang lainnya. Nilai kuat tekan bebas (qu) dan kuat geser (cu) tanah kondisi unsoaked dan soaked mengalami peningkatan pada penambahan fly ash 15% dengan  kadar air sebesar 18,8%, kemudian mengalami penurunan nilai qu dan cu pada pengurangan kadar air dibawah 18,8%, semakin besar penambahan kadar air maka semakin kecil nilai pengembangan (swelling). Kata - kata kunci : Lempung Ekspansif, Stabilisasi Tanah, Fly Ash, Unconfined Compression Test, Swelling

PENGARUH KADAR AIR DILAPANGAN DAN RATIO AIR – FLY ASH TERHADAP KEKUATAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN TANAH EKSPANSIF UNTUK METODE DSM (DEEP SOIL MIXING)

Tanah lempung ekspansif memiliki daya dukung tanah yang rendah pada kondisi muka air yang tinggi, sifat kembang susut (swelling) yang besar dan plastisitas yang tinggi. Selain itu, karena sifat kembang susut yang cukup besar pada tanah lempung ekspansif mengakibatkan terjadinya penurunan (deformasi) yang sering kali tidak dapat dipikul oleh kekokohan struktur diatasnya. Salah satu metode stabilisasi tanah yang digunakan dalam upaya untuk memperbaiki mutu tanah yang kurang baik antara lain yaitu stabilisasi kimiawi. Stabilisasi kimiawi dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan stabilizing agents pada tanah dasar yang akan ditingkatkan mutunya. Stabilizing agents yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah fly ash. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan yaitu, untuk mengetahui nilai kuat geser terbesar yang diberikan variasi pada kadar air. Pada penelitian ini objek yang diamati adalah, tanah lempung ekspansif dengan penambahan 15% fly ash dan variasi kadar air. Variasi kadar air yang diberikan pada campuran tanah lempung dengan fly ash adalah 25,8%, 22,8%, 18,8%, 14,8%, 10,8% dari berat isi kering tanah. Pada penelitian ini sampel yang telah dibuat akan di uji pengembangan (swelling), dan unconfined compression test. Dari hasil pengujian benda uji, didapatkan pada sampel tanah lempung ekspansif dengan 15% fly ash dan kadar air 18,8% memiliki nilai kuat tekan dan kuat geser terbesar dibandingkan dengan variasi kadar air yang lainnya. Nilai kuat tekan bebas (qu) dan kuat geser (cu) tanah kondisi unsoaked dan soaked mengalami peningkatan pada penambahan fly ash 15% dengan  kadar air sebesar 18,8%, kemudian mengalami penurunan nilai qu dan cu pada pengurangan kadar air dibawah 18,8%, semakin besar penambahan kadar air maka semakin kecil nilai pengembangan (swelling). Kata - kata kunci : Lempung Ekspansif, Stabilisasi Tanah, Fly Ash, Unconfined Compression Test, Swelling

Supporting ultra poor people with rehabilitation and therapy among families of children with cerebral palsy in rural Bangladesh (SUPPORT CP): Protocol of a randomised controlled trial

Introduction Poverty is a key contributor to delayed diagnosis and limited access to early intervention and rehabilitation for children with cerebral palsy (CP) in rural Bangladesh. 97% of families of children with CP live below the poverty line in Bangladesh. Therefore, in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), efforts to improve outcomes for children with CP (including health-related quality of life, motor function, communication, and nutritional attainments) should also include measures to improve family economic and social capital. We propose a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated microfinance/livelihood and community-based rehabilitation (IMCBR) program for ultra-poor families of children with CP in rural Bangladesh. Material and methods This will be a cluster RCT comparing three arms: (a) integrated microfinance/livelihood and community-based rehabilitation (IMCBR); (b) community-based rehabilitation (CBR) alone; and (c) care-as-usual (i.e. no intervention). Seven clusters will be recruited within each arm. Each cluster will consist of 10 child-caregiver dyads totalling 21 clusters with 210 dyads. Parents recruited in the IMCBR arm will take part in a microfinance/livelihood program and Parent Training Module (PTM), their children with CP will take part in a Goal Directed Training (GDT) program. The programs will be facilitated by specially trained Community Rehabilitation Officers. The CBR arm includes the same PTM and GDT interventions excluding the microfinance/livelihood program. The care-as-usual arm will be provided with information about early intervention and rehabilitation. The assessors will be blinded to group allocation. The duration of the intervention will be 12 months; outcomes will be measured at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months. Conclusion This will be the first RCT of an integrated microfinance/livelihood and CBR program for children with CP in LMIC settings. Evidence from the study could transform approaches to improving wellbeing of children with CP and their ultra-poor families

Safety and efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce ileus after colorectal surgery

Background: Ileus is common after elective colorectal surgery, and is associated with increased adverse events and prolonged hospital stay. The aim was to assess the role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for reducing ileus after surgery. Methods: A prospective multicentre cohort study was delivered by an international, student- and trainee-led collaborative group. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The primary outcome was time to gastrointestinal recovery, measured using a composite measure of bowel function and tolerance to oral intake. The impact of NSAIDs was explored using Cox regression analyses, including the results of a centre-specific survey of compliance to enhanced recovery principles. Secondary safety outcomes included anastomotic leak rate and acute kidney injury. Results: A total of 4164 patients were included, with a median age of 68 (i.q.r. 57\u201375) years (54\ub79 per cent men). Some 1153 (27\ub77 per cent) received NSAIDs on postoperative days 1\u20133, of whom 1061 (92\ub70 per cent) received non-selective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors. After adjustment for baseline differences, the mean time to gastrointestinal recovery did not differ significantly between patients who received NSAIDs and those who did not (4\ub76 versus 4\ub78 days; hazard ratio 1\ub704, 95 per cent c.i. 0\ub796 to 1\ub712; P = 0\ub7360). There were no significant differences in anastomotic leak rate (5\ub74 versus 4\ub76 per cent; P = 0\ub7349) or acute kidney injury (14\ub73 versus 13\ub78 per cent; P = 0\ub7666) between the groups. Significantly fewer patients receiving NSAIDs required strong opioid analgesia (35\ub73 versus 56\ub77 per cent; P < 0\ub7001). Conclusion: NSAIDs did not reduce the time for gastrointestinal recovery after colorectal surgery, but they were safe and associated with reduced postoperative opioid requirement

Safety of hospital discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery

Background Ileus is common after colorectal surgery and is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications. Identifying features of normal bowel recovery and the appropriateness for hospital discharge is challenging. This study explored the safety of hospital discharge before the return of bowel function. Methods A prospective, multicentre cohort study was undertaken across an international collaborative network. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The main outcome of interest was readmission to hospital within 30 days of surgery. The impact of discharge timing according to the return of bowel function was explored using multivariable regression analysis. Other outcomes were postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery, measured using the Clavien-Dindo classification system. Results A total of 3288 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 301 (9 center dot 2 per cent) were discharged before the return of bowel function. The median duration of hospital stay for patients discharged before and after return of bowel function was 5 (i.q.r. 4-7) and 7 (6-8) days respectively (P < 0 center dot 001). There were no significant differences in rates of readmission between these groups (6 center dot 6 versus 8 center dot 0 per cent; P = 0 center dot 499), and this remained the case after multivariable adjustment for baseline differences (odds ratio 0 center dot 90, 95 per cent c.i. 0 center dot 55 to 1 center dot 46; P = 0 center dot 659). Rates of postoperative complications were also similar in those discharged before versus after return of bowel function (minor: 34 center dot 7 versus 39 center dot 5 per cent; major 3 center dot 3 versus 3 center dot 4 per cent; P = 0 center dot 110). Conclusion Discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery appears to be safe in appropriately selected patients