Therapeutic potential of Pegnum harmela against Schistosoma bovis in buffaloes

Background: Peganum harmala have many biological and pharmacological activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic and antiinflammatory. The present study was carried out to evaluate the  antischistosomal activities of Peganum harmala with special reference to bovine schistosomiasis in naturally infected buffaloes.Methods and Materials: A total of 54 naturally infected buffaloes with “Schistosomiasis” of ages around five years were used for anthelmintic studies. All of the buffaloes were properly marked so as to make a distinction from one other. A doctor of veterinary was available for daily checkup. Samples prepared according to the available methods in literature.Results: In the present study, naturally infected buffaloes with Schistosoma bovis were treated with  Peganum harmala (Harmal, seed), with dose 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 225 mg/kg body weight  respectively, and their impact on various parameters like eggs reduction, milk production, weight gain and feed intake was noted. Furthermore, their efficiency (%) was evaluated with “Praziquantel”  (allopathic drug) at “10mg/Kg body weight” dose level. After first dose of “Praziquantel” hundred percent effectiveness was noted, while the same result obtained for herbal drug after giving second dose of  “225mg/kg body weight”. To evaluate the effect of herbal medicines on protein portions, sera of treated and control buffaloes were also investigated.Conclusion: From present findings, it is concluded that the herb Peganum harmala can easily replace  Praziquantal (PZQ) with almost same efficiency (%). Furthermore, the herb is easily available at cheap price at local market and it will be good for the economy of Pakistan Key words: Pegnum harmela, Schistosoma, infectio

THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF PEGNUM HARMELA AGAINST SCHISTOSOMA BOVIS IN BUFFALOES

Background: Peganum harmala have many biological and pharmacological activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic and antiinflammatory. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antischistosomal activities of Peganum harmala with special reference to bovine schistosomiasis in naturally infected buffaloes. Methods and Materials: A total of 54 naturally infected buffaloes with “Schistosomiasis” of ages around five years were used for anthelmintic studies. All of the buffaloes were properly marked so as to make a distinction from one other. A doctor of veterinary was available for daily checkup. Samples prepared according to the available methods in literature. Results: In the present study, naturally infected buffaloes with Schistosoma bovis were treated with Peganum harmala (Harmal, seed), with dose 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 225 mg/kg body weight respectively, and their impact on various parameters like eggs reduction, milk production, weight gain and feed intake was noted. Furthermore, their efficiency (%) was evaluated with “Praziquantel” (allopathic drug) at “10mg/Kg body weight” dose level. After first dose of “Praziquantel” hundred percent effectiveness was noted, while the same result obtained for herbal drug after giving second dose of “225mg/kg body weight”. To evaluate the effect of herbal medicines on protein portions, sera of treated and control buffaloes were also investigated. Conclusion: From present findings, it is concluded that the herb Peganum harmala can easily replace Praziquantal (PZQ) with almost same efficiency (%). Furthermore, the herb is easily available at cheap price at local market and it will be good for the economy of Pakista

Effects of a high-dose 24-h infusion of tranexamic acid on death and thromboembolic events in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding (HALT-IT): an international randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Tranexamic acid reduces surgical bleeding and reduces death due to bleeding in patients with trauma. Meta-analyses of small trials show that tranexamic acid might decrease deaths from gastrointestinal bleeding. We aimed to assess the effects of tranexamic acid in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods: We did an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 164 hospitals in 15 countries. Patients were enrolled if the responsible clinician was uncertain whether to use tranexamic acid, were aged above the minimum age considered an adult in their country (either aged 16 years and older or aged 18 years and older), and had significant (defined as at risk of bleeding to death) upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients were randomly assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Patients received either a loading dose of 1 g tranexamic acid, which was added to 100 mL infusion bag of 0·9% sodium chloride and infused by slow intravenous injection over 10 min, followed by a maintenance dose of 3 g tranexamic acid added to 1 L of any isotonic intravenous solution and infused at 125 mg/h for 24 h, or placebo (sodium chloride 0·9%). Patients, caregivers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. The primary outcome was death due to bleeding within 5 days of randomisation; analysis excluded patients who received neither dose of the allocated treatment and those for whom outcome data on death were unavailable. This trial was registered with Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN11225767, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01658124. Findings: Between July 4, 2013, and June 21, 2019, we randomly allocated 12 009 patients to receive tranexamic acid (5994, 49·9%) or matching placebo (6015, 50·1%), of whom 11 952 (99·5%) received the first dose of the allocated treatment. Death due to bleeding within 5 days of randomisation occurred in 222 (4%) of 5956 patients in the tranexamic acid group and in 226 (4%) of 5981 patients in the placebo group (risk ratio [RR] 0·99, 95% CI 0·82–1·18). Arterial thromboembolic events (myocardial infarction or stroke) were similar in the tranexamic acid group and placebo group (42 [0·7%] of 5952 vs 46 [0·8%] of 5977; 0·92; 0·60 to 1·39). Venous thromboembolic events (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) were higher in tranexamic acid group than in the placebo group (48 [0·8%] of 5952 vs 26 [0·4%] of 5977; RR 1·85; 95% CI 1·15 to 2·98). Interpretation: We found that tranexamic acid did not reduce death from gastrointestinal bleeding. On the basis of our results, tranexamic acid should not be used for the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding outside the context of a randomised trial

Public debt management and fiscal vulnerability: potential roles of supreme audit institution

This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Governance and Development, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (page 75 - 77).Tanveer Akhter Hossain KhanM. Governance and Developmen

UDC: 614.876:621.039.572:539.1.074

Mon i tor ing of ra di a tion lev els in and around the nu clear re search re ac tors is es sen tial to safe-guard ing life and the en vi ron ment. Back ground ra di a tion mon i tor ing at the Pa ki stan In sti tute of Nu clear Sci ence & Tech nol ogy (PINSTECH) has been car ried out since the early six ties, be-fore the crit i cal ity of the 5 MW Pa ki stan Re search Re ac tor, so as to con firm the safe op er a tion of PINSTECH nu clear fa cil i ties. In the pres ent study, am bi ent dose rate lev els were mea sured around PINSTECH by us ing TLD–200 (G-2 cards) in stalled at 15 dif fer ent lo ca tions over a five year pe riod (1998-2002). The mean dose rates for in di vid ual lo ca tions in the said pe riod ranged from 0.14 � 0.01 to 0.19 � 0.03 µSv/h, with a mean value of 0.16 � 0.03 µSv/h. The cu-mu la tive av er age an nual ef fec tive dose equiv a lent spread over 5 years was 204.4 � 17 µSv. The data were com pared with the world and av er ages in other coun tries. It was con cluded that, from the health haz ard point of view, the op er a tion of re search re ac tors and other nu clear fa cil i-ties at PINSTECH pres ents no risk to pub lic health. Key words: en vi ron men tal ra di a tion, am bi ent dose rate, an nual ef fec tive doses, sea sonal vari a tion, re search re ac tors, thermoluminescence do sim e ter IN TRO DUC TIO

Germination Ecology of Cenchrus biflorus Roxb.: Effects of Environmental Factors on Seed Germination

Better understanding related to germination and seedling emergence of plant species assists in predicting the potential distribution and provides insight for efficient management. Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. has been considered as potential forage species in arid environment due to its high nutritive values, prolific seed production, and tolerance to extreme temperature and prolonged drought conditions. A series of laboratory and greenhouse assays were conducted to determine the effect of different environmental factors, such as temperature, light, pH, salinity, osmotic potential, and seed burial depth on the germination and seedling emergence of C. biflorus. The maximum germination (95%) was recorded at 35°C/25°C, followed by 40°C/30°C; however, minimum germination was observed at 45°C/35°C (17.5%). Light significantly promoted the germination with maximum percentage (97.5%) when seeds were exposed to altering light and dark conditions (12/12 h). The osmotic potential for the 50% inhibition of C. biflorus germination was –0.4 MPa, although some seed germinated at –0.8 MPa (12.5%). Germination decreased from 97.5% to 12.5% as salinity stress increased from 0 mM to 200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) with no germination > 200 mM. Seed germination was significantly affected by pH levels and was between 27.5% and 92.5% at 5–8 pH, respectively. No seedling emerged when seeds were placed on the soil surface; maximum seedling emergence (90%) at 2-cm burial depth and emergence decreased considerably as seeding depth increased above 2 cm. Its tolerance to drought and salinity make C. biflorus a potential candidate to be used as an alternative source during periods of forage scarcity under harsh climatic conditions, and it could possibly be used for rangeland rehabilitation purposes in arid environments.The Rangeland Ecology & Management archives are made available by the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information