105 research outputs found
Sub-arcsecond high sensitivity measurements of the DG~Tau jet with e-MERLIN
We present very high spatial resolution deep radio continuum observations at
5 GHz (6 cm) made with e-MERLIN of the young stars DG Tau A and B. Assuming it
is launched very close (~=1 au) from the star, our results suggest that the DG
Tau A outflow initially starts as a poorly focused wind and undergoes
significant collimation further along the jet (~=50 au). We derive jet
parameters for DG Tau A and find an initial jet opening angle of 86 degrees
within 2 au of the source, a mass-loss rate of 1.5x10^-8 solar masses/yr for
the ionised component of the jet, and the total ejection/accretion ratio to
range from 0.06-0.3. These results are in line with predictions from MHD
jet-launching theories.Comment: Accepted MNRAS Letter
Tentative Evidence for Relativistic Electrons Generated by the Jet of the Young Sun-like Star DG Tau
Synchrotron emission has recently been detected in the jet of a massive
protostar, providing further evidence that certain jet formation
characteristics for young stars are similar to those found for highly
relativistic jets from AGN. We present data at 325 and 610 MHz taken with the
GMRT of the young, low-mass star DG Tau, an analog of the Sun soon after its
birth. This is the first investigation of a low-mass YSO at at such low
frequencies. We detect emission with a synchrotron spectral index in the
proximity of the DG Tau jet and interpret this emission as a prominent bow
shock associated with this outflow. This result provides tentative evidence for
the acceleration of particles to relativistic energies due to the shock impact
of this otherwise very low-power jet against the ambient medium. We calculate
the equipartition magnetic field strength (0.11 mG) and particle energy
(4x10^40 erg), which are the minimum requirements to account for the
synchrotron emission of the DG Tau bow shock. These results suggest the
possibility of low energy cosmic rays being generated by young Sun-like stars.Comment: 19 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letter
2024 Wheelchair Compendium of Physical Activities: An Update of Activity Codes and Energy Expenditure Values
Purpose: This paper presents an update of the 2011 Wheelchair Compendium of Physical Activities designed for wheelchair users and is referred to as the 2024 Wheelchair Compendium. The Wheelchair Compendium aims to curate existing knowledge of the energy expenditure for wheelchair physical activities (PAs).
Methods: A systematic review of the published energy expenditure of PA for wheelchair users was completed between 2011 and May 2023. We added these data to the 2011 Wheelchair Compendium data that was compiled previously in a systematic review through 2011.
Results: A total of 47 studies were included, and 124 different wheelchair PA reported energy expenditure values ranging from 0.8 metabolic equivalents for wheelchair users (filing papers, light effort) to 11.8 metabolic equivalents for wheelchair users (Nordic sit skiing).
Conclusion: In introducing the updated 2024 Wheelchair Compendium, we hope to bridge the resource gap and challenge the prevailing narratives that inadvertently exclude wheelchair users from physical fitness and health PAs
Radio continuum observations of Class I protostellar disks in Taurus: constraining the greybody tail at centimetre wavelengths
We present deep 1.8 cm (16 GHz) radio continuum imaging of seven young
stellar objects in the Taurus molecular cloud. These objects have previously
been extensively studied in the sub-mm to NIR range and their SEDs modelled to
provide reliable physical and geometrical parametres.We use this new data to
constrain the properties of the long-wavelength tail of the greybody spectrum,
which is expected to be dominated by emission from large dust grains in the
protostellar disk. We find spectra consistent with the opacity indices expected
for such a population, with an average opacity index of beta = 0.26+/-0.22
indicating grain growth within the disks. We use spectra fitted jointly to
radio and sub-mm data to separate the contributions from thermal dust and radio
emission at 1.8 cm and derive disk masses directly from the cm-wave dust
contribution. We find that disk masses derived from these flux densities under
assumptions consistent with the literature are systematically higher than those
calculated from sub-mm data, and meet the criteria for giant planet formation
in a number of cases.Comment: submitted MNRA
Development and Validation of the Behavioral Tendencies Questionnaire
At a fundamental level, taxonomy of behavior and behavioral tendencies can be described
in terms of approach, avoid, or equivocate (i.e., neither approach nor avoid). While there are
numerous theories of personality, temperament, and character, few seem to take advantage
of parsimonious taxonomy. The present study sought to implement this taxonomy by
creating a questionnaire based on a categorization of behavioral temperaments/tendencies
first identified in Buddhist accounts over fifteen hundred years ago. Items were developed
using historical and contemporary texts of the behavioral temperaments, described as
âGreedy/Faithfulâ, âAversive/Discerningâ, and âDeluded/Speculativeâ. To both maintain
this categorical typology and benefit from the advantageous properties of forced-choice
response format (e.g., reduction of response biases), binary pairwise preferences for items
were modeled using Latent Class Analysis (LCA). One sample (n1 = 394) was used to estimate
the item parameters, and the second sample (n2 = 504) was used to classify the participants
using the established parameters and cross-validate the classification against
multiple other measures. The cross-validated measure exhibited good nomothetic span
(construct-consistent relationships with related measures) that seemed to corroborate the
ideas present in the original Buddhist source documents. The final 13-block questionnaire
created from the best performing items (the Behavioral Tendencies Questionnaire or BTQ)
is a psychometrically valid questionnaire that is historically consistent, based in behavioral
tendencies, and promises practical and clinical utility particularly in settings that teach and
study meditation practices such as Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
A data-driven, meaningful, easy to interpret, standardised accelerometer outcome variable for global surveillance
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record.Objectives: Our aim is to demonstrate how a data-driven accelerometer metric, the acceleration above which
a personâs most active minutes are accumulated, can a) quantify the prevalence of meeting current physical
activity guidelines for global surveillance and b) moving forward, could inform accelerometer-driven physical
activity guidelines. Unlike cut-point methods, the metric is population-independent (e.g. age) and potentially
comparable across datasets. Design: Cross-sectional, secondary data analysis. Methods: Analyses were
carried out on five datasets using wrist-worn accelerometers: children (N=145), adolescent girls (N=1669),
office workers (N=114), pre- (N=1218) and post- (N=1316) menopausal women, and adults with type 2
diabetes (N=475). Open-source software (GGIR) was used to generate the magnitude of acceleration above
which a personâs most active 60, 30 and 2 minutes are accumulated: M60ACC; M30ACC and M2ACC,
respectively. Results: The proportion of participants with M60ACC (children) and M30ACC (adults) values
higher than accelerations representative of brisk walking (i.e., moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) ranged
from 17-68% in children and 15%-81% in adults, tending to decline with age. The proportion of pre-and postmenopausal women with M2ACC values meeting thresholds for bone health ranged from 6-13%. Conclusions:
These metrics can be used for global surveillance of physical activity, including assessing prevalence of
meeting current physical activity guidelines. As accelerometer and corresponding health data accumulate it
will be possible to interpret the metrics relative to age- and sex- specific norms and derive evidence-based
physical activity guidelines directly from accelerometer data for use in future global surveillance. This is
where the potential advantages of these metrics lie
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