PHÂN HUỶ MẪU ĐỂ XÁC ĐỊNH VI NHỰA TRONG CÁC BỘ PHẬN CỦA CÁ ĐỐI

In this study, a 10% KOH solution was used to decompose the meat, skin, and digestive system of mullets. The factors in each experiment are as follows: 1) VKOH:mmeat is 10/1 (mL·g–1), incubated at 25 °C for 72 h; VKOH:mskin is 15/1 (mL·g–1), incubated at 40 °C for 72 h; VKOH:mdigestive system is 20/1 (mL·g–1), incubated at 40 °C for 72 h. The actual sample images display microplastics in the surveyed parts of the mullets with different shapes and colours.Trong nghiên cứu này, dung dịch KOH 10% được sử dụng để phân huỷ thịt, da và hệ tiêu hoá của cá đối. Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng bao gồm tỉ lệ thể tích KOH:mẫu thịt là 10/1 (mL·g–1), ủ mẫu ở 25 °C trong 72 giờ; thể tích KOH:mẫu da là 15/1 (mL·g–1), ủ mẫu ở 40 °C trong 72 giờ; thể tích KOH:mẫu hệ tiêu hoá là 20/1 (mL·g–1), ủ mẫu ở 40 °C trong 72 giờ. Hình ảnh phân tích mẫu thực tế cho thấy sự tồn tại của vi nhựa trong các bộ phận nghiên cứu với hình dáng và màu sắc khác nhau

Mouse models of neurodegenerative disease: preclinical imaging and neurovascular component.

Neurodegenerative diseases represent great challenges for basic science and clinical medicine because of their prevalence, pathologies, lack of mechanism-based treatments, and impacts on individuals. Translational research might contribute to the study of neurodegenerative diseases. The mouse has become a key model for studying disease mechanisms that might recapitulate in part some aspects of the corresponding human diseases. Neurode- generative disorders are very complicated and multifacto- rial. This has to be taken in account when testing drugs. Most of the drugs screening in mice are very di cult to be interpretated and often useless. Mouse models could be condiderated a ‘pathway models’, rather than as models for the whole complicated construct that makes a human disease. Non-invasive in vivo imaging in mice has gained increasing interest in preclinical research in the last years thanks to the availability of high-resolution single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), high eld Magnetic resonance, Optical Imaging scanners and of highly speci c contrast agents. Behavioral test are useful tool to characterize di erent ani- mal models of neurodegenerative pathology. Furthermore, many authors have observed vascular pathological features associated to the di erent neurodegenerative disorders. Aim of this review is to focus on the di erent existing animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, describe behavioral tests and preclinical imaging techniques used for diagnose and describe the vascular pathological features associated to these diseases

Vision, challenges and opportunities for a Plant Cell Atlas

With growing populations and pressing environmental problems, future economies will be increasingly plant-based. Now is the time to reimagine plant science as a critical component of fundamental science, agriculture, environmental stewardship, energy, technology and healthcare. This effort requires a conceptual and technological framework to identify and map all cell types, and to comprehensively annotate the localization and organization of molecules at cellular and tissue levels. This framework, called the Plant Cell Atlas (PCA), will be critical for understanding and engineering plant development, physiology and environmental responses. A workshop was convened to discuss the purpose and utility of such an initiative, resulting in a roadmap that acknowledges the current knowledge gaps and technical challenges, and underscores how the PCA initiative can help to overcome them.</jats:p

Safety and efficacy of fluoxetine on functional outcome after acute stroke (AFFINITY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Trials of fluoxetine for recovery after stroke report conflicting results. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) trial aimed to show if daily oral fluoxetine for 6 months after stroke improves functional outcome in an ethnically diverse population. Methods AFFINITY was a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial done in 43 hospital stroke units in Australia (n=29), New Zealand (four), and Vietnam (ten). Eligible patients were adults (aged ≥18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke in the previous 2–15 days, brain imaging consistent with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, and a persisting neurological deficit that produced a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 1 or more. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 via a web-based system using a minimisation algorithm to once daily, oral fluoxetine 20 mg capsules or matching placebo for 6 months. Patients, carers, investigators, and outcome assessors were masked to the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was functional status, measured by the mRS, at 6 months. The primary analysis was an ordinal logistic regression of the mRS at 6 months, adjusted for minimisation variables. Primary and safety analyses were done according to the patient's treatment allocation. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000774921. Findings Between Jan 11, 2013, and June 30, 2019, 1280 patients were recruited in Australia (n=532), New Zealand (n=42), and Vietnam (n=706), of whom 642 were randomly assigned to fluoxetine and 638 were randomly assigned to placebo. Mean duration of trial treatment was 167 days (SD 48·1). At 6 months, mRS data were available in 624 (97%) patients in the fluoxetine group and 632 (99%) in the placebo group. The distribution of mRS categories was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (adjusted common odds ratio 0·94, 95% CI 0·76–1·15; p=0·53). Compared with patients in the placebo group, patients in the fluoxetine group had more falls (20 [3%] vs seven [1%]; p=0·018), bone fractures (19 [3%] vs six [1%]; p=0·014), and epileptic seizures (ten [2%] vs two [<1%]; p=0·038) at 6 months. Interpretation Oral fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome and increased the risk of falls, bone fractures, and epileptic seizures. These results do not support the use of fluoxetine to improve functional outcome after stroke

International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Impact des facteurs de transcription AP2/ERF sur l'évolution de la structure de la panicule du riz

Rice is a staple food for more than half of the world's population. The goal of increasing or sustainably maintaining rice production in a context of climate change and decreasing water and arable land availability requires the establishment of high-yield plants in contrasting environments. Rice yield is a complex trait, governed by genetic and epigenetic factors. It is directly dependent on 3 related traits: the number of panicles per plant, the number of grains per panicle and grain weight. During rice domestications in Asia and Africa, grain number was one of the main traits under selection, resulting in a phenotypic convergence between the crop plants that emerged on the two continents in relation to their yield potential. Panicle development in Oryza sativa has been well documented but the evolution of panicle architecture from the wild to the cultivated form remains poorly studied, especially with regard to the underlying molecular regulatory processes. To address this issue, two different transcriptomic resources were developed in the host laboratory. The first involved a comparison between the transcriptomes of different panicle meristem types in O. sativa. The second was a study of gene expression during panicle branch initiation in Asian and African cultivated species (O. sativa and Oryza glaberrima) with respect to their wild relatives (Oryza rufipogon and Oryza barthii, respectively). The two sets of genes thus identified displayed a significant enrichment in AP2/ERF family genes. Eighty four of the 170 AP2/ERF genes reported in O. sativa from the different sub-families (DREB, RAV, AP2 and Soloist) are expressed in the panicle and some are differentially expressed between the different types of meristems or stages of development and/or species. The euANT/PLT group within the AP2 subfamily comprises 4 genes (OsPLT7, OsPLT8, OsPLT9 and AP2/EREBP22) that are of particular interest in the context of the control of panicle development and architectural diversity between wild and cultivated species. A functional analysis of these 4 genes in the same genetic background was initiated by CRISPR-Cas9 approaches in O. sativa cv Kitaake. The results obtained revealed an effect of induced mutations on panicle architecture (number of primary and secondary branches) and/or on the size of the panicle (length of the branches and internodes).Le riz est un aliment de base pour plus de la moitié de la population mondiale. Une augmentation ou un maintien durable de la production de riz dans un contexte de changement climatique et de diminution des disponibilités en eau et en surface cultivable nécessite l’établissement de variétés au haut rendement sous différentes conditions environnementales. Le rendement en riz est un caractère complexe, se fondant sur des facteurs génétiques et épigénétiques. Il est directement dépendent de 3 caractères liés : le nombre de panicules par plante, le nombre de grains par panicule et le poids en grains. Durant les deux domestications (en Asie et en Afrique), le nombre de grains a été un des caractères principaux sous sélection, illustrant une convergence phénotypique en relation avec le potentiel de rendement. Le développement de la panicule chez Oryza sativa est bien documenté mais l'évolution de l'architecture de la panicule des espèces sauvages vers les espèces cultivées reste peu étudiée et surtout les bases moléculaires associées. Deux transcriptomes ont été développées dans le laboratoire d’accueil. Une 1ère correspond à l’étude comparative des transcriptomes des différents types méristématiques de la panicule chez O. sativa. Le second correspond à l’étude comparative des étapes de branchement de la panicule chez les espèces cultivées asiatique et africaine (O. sativa et Oryza glaberrima) avec les espèces sauvages apparentées (respectivement Oryza rufipogon et Oryza barthii). Parmi ces gènes d’intérêt, un enrichissement en gènes codant des facteurs de transcription de la famille AP2/ERF a pu être mis en évidence. 84 des 170 gènes de la famille AP2/ERF des différentes sous-familles (DREB, RAV, AP2 et Solist) décrits chez O. sativa sont exprimés dans la panicule et certains sont différentiellement exprimés entre les différents types de méristèmes ou stades de développement et/ou d’espèces. Le groupe euANT/PLT de la sous-famille AP2 possède 4 gènes (OsPLT7, OsPLT8, OsPLT9 et AP2/EREBP22) présentant un grand potentiel dans le contrôle du développement de la panicule et la diversité architecturale entre espèces sauvages et cultivées. Une analyse fonctionnelle de ces 4 gènes dans un même fond génétique a été initiée par des approches de CRISPR-Cas9 chez O. sativa cv Kitaake. Les mutations induites ont un impact sur l’architecture (nombre de branches primaires et/secondaires) et/ou la taille de la panicule (longueur des branches et des entre-nœuds) de manière différentielle

Impact of AP2/ERF transcription factors on rice panicle structure evolution

Le riz est un aliment de base pour plus de la moitié de la population mondiale. Une augmentation ou un maintien durable de la production de riz dans un contexte de changement climatique et de diminution des disponibilités en eau et en surface cultivable nécessite l’établissement de variétés au haut rendement sous différentes conditions environnementales. Le rendement en riz est un caractère complexe, se fondant sur des facteurs génétiques et épigénétiques. Il est directement dépendent de 3 caractères liés : le nombre de panicules par plante, le nombre de grains par panicule et le poids en grains. Durant les deux domestications (en Asie et en Afrique), le nombre de grains a été un des caractères principaux sous sélection, illustrant une convergence phénotypique en relation avec le potentiel de rendement. Le développement de la panicule chez Oryza sativa est bien documenté mais l'évolution de l'architecture de la panicule des espèces sauvages vers les espèces cultivées reste peu étudiée et surtout les bases moléculaires associées. Deux transcriptomes ont été développées dans le laboratoire d’accueil. Une 1ère correspond à l’étude comparative des transcriptomes des différents types méristématiques de la panicule chez O. sativa. Le second correspond à l’étude comparative des étapes de branchement de la panicule chez les espèces cultivées asiatique et africaine (O. sativa et Oryza glaberrima) avec les espèces sauvages apparentées (respectivement Oryza rufipogon et Oryza barthii). Parmi ces gènes d’intérêt, un enrichissement en gènes codant des facteurs de transcription de la famille AP2/ERF a pu être mis en évidence. 84 des 170 gènes de la famille AP2/ERF des différentes sous-familles (DREB, RAV, AP2 et Solist) décrits chez O. sativa sont exprimés dans la panicule et certains sont différentiellement exprimés entre les différents types de méristèmes ou stades de développement et/ou d’espèces. Le groupe euANT/PLT de la sous-famille AP2 possède 4 gènes (OsPLT7, OsPLT8, OsPLT9 et AP2/EREBP22) présentant un grand potentiel dans le contrôle du développement de la panicule et la diversité architecturale entre espèces sauvages et cultivées. Une analyse fonctionnelle de ces 4 gènes dans un même fond génétique a été initiée par des approches de CRISPR-Cas9 chez O. sativa cv Kitaake. Les mutations induites ont un impact sur l’architecture (nombre de branches primaires et/secondaires) et/ou la taille de la panicule (longueur des branches et des entre-nœuds) de manière différentielle.Rice is a staple food for more than half of the world's population. The goal of increasing or sustainably maintaining rice production in a context of climate change and decreasing water and arable land availability requires the establishment of high-yield plants in contrasting environments. Rice yield is a complex trait, governed by genetic and epigenetic factors. It is directly dependent on 3 related traits: the number of panicles per plant, the number of grains per panicle and grain weight. During rice domestications in Asia and Africa, grain number was one of the main traits under selection, resulting in a phenotypic convergence between the crop plants that emerged on the two continents in relation to their yield potential. Panicle development in Oryza sativa has been well documented but the evolution of panicle architecture from the wild to the cultivated form remains poorly studied, especially with regard to the underlying molecular regulatory processes. To address this issue, two different transcriptomic resources were developed in the host laboratory. The first involved a comparison between the transcriptomes of different panicle meristem types in O. sativa. The second was a study of gene expression during panicle branch initiation in Asian and African cultivated species (O. sativa and Oryza glaberrima) with respect to their wild relatives (Oryza rufipogon and Oryza barthii, respectively). The two sets of genes thus identified displayed a significant enrichment in AP2/ERF family genes. Eighty four of the 170 AP2/ERF genes reported in O. sativa from the different sub-families (DREB, RAV, AP2 and Soloist) are expressed in the panicle and some are differentially expressed between the different types of meristems or stages of development and/or species. The euANT/PLT group within the AP2 subfamily comprises 4 genes (OsPLT7, OsPLT8, OsPLT9 and AP2/EREBP22) that are of particular interest in the context of the control of panicle development and architectural diversity between wild and cultivated species. A functional analysis of these 4 genes in the same genetic background was initiated by CRISPR-Cas9 approaches in O. sativa cv Kitaake. The results obtained revealed an effect of induced mutations on panicle architecture (number of primary and secondary branches) and/or on the size of the panicle (length of the branches and internodes)

VPS34 Complexes in Plants: Untangled Enough?

Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate(PI3P) is essential for endocytosis and autophagy. VPS38 (endocytosis)and ATG14 (autophagy) are required for localized biosynthesis of PI3P. Liu et al. have shown that mutantarabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)lacking both proteins are viable and synthesize PI3P, suggesting that the enzymatic complex VPS34 can function in absence of these regulatory subunits

Cargo receptors and adaptors for selective autophagy in plant cells

Plant selective (macro)autophagy is a highly regulated process where eukaryotic cells spatiotemporally degrade some of their constituents that have become superfluous or harmful. The identification and characterization of the factors determining this selectivity make it possible to integrate selective (macro)autophagy into plant cell physiology and homeostasis. The specific cargo receptors and/or scaffold proteins involved in this pathway are generally not structurally conserved, as are the biochemical mechanisms underlying recognition and integration of a given cargo into the autophagosome in different cell types. This review discusses the few specific cargo receptors described in plant cells to highlight key features of selective autophagy in the plant kingdom and its integration with plant physiology, aiming to identify evolutionary convergence and knowledge gaps to be filled by future research

Vision, challenges and opportunities for a Plant Cell Atlas

With growing populations and pressing environmental problems, future economies will be increasingly plant-based. Now is the time to reimagine plant science as a critical component of fundamental science, agriculture, environmental stewardship, energy, technology and healthcare. This effort requires a conceptual and technological framework to identify and map all cell types, and to comprehensively annotate the localization and organization of molecules at cellular and tissue levels. This framework, called the Plant Cell Atlas (PCA), will be critical for understanding and engineering plant development, physiology and environmental responses. A workshop was convened to discuss the purpose and utility of such an initiative, resulting in a roadmap that acknowledges the current knowledge gaps and technical challenges, and underscores how the PCA initiative can help to overcome them