THE VOICE OF FREEDOM IN BOB MARLEY’S SONG LYRICS

Beatrice Adeline. 2013. The Voice of Freedom in Bob Marley’s Song Lyrics. Study Program of English, Department of Languages and Literature, Faculty of Cultural Studies, Universitas Brawijaya. Supervisor: Juliati; Co-supervisor: Aris Siswanti.  Keywords: Bob Marley, voice of freedom, song lyrics, the kinds of freedom Song lyrics can express the social condition of the society. Song lyrics can also be used to deliver messages of freedom and peace. Some of the song lyrics that reflect the social condition are Bob Marley’s songs. Bob Marley is a well known Jamaican singer. Bob Marley’s song lyrics entitled Blackman Redemption, Rebel Music, Redemption Song, Smile Jamaica and Slave Driver reflect the voice of freedom. These songs reflect what happens to Jamaican people who used to be colonized by Spain and British.  The research employs sociological approach as the grounding theory to analyze the voice of freedom which is reflected in each song based on the kinds of freedom such as self freedom, collective freedom, spiritual freedom, and political freedom. The biography of Bob Marley and references about social condition in Jamaica are used as supporting information for the analysis.  The result of this study shows that Bob Marley’s song lyrics express the four kinds of freedom.  Self freedom is the first dominant theme. The  second is spiritual freedom,  and the  third is collective freedom, and the last is political freedom. Through  his songs, Bob Marley spreads the messages of freedom and peace by referring to the Jamaican’s experience in the colonial era. It is suggested that further researchers use semiotic approaches in Bob Marley’s other songs because many of his songs use symbols related to the Jamaican culture as the Rastafarians

Case-Control Cohort Study of Patients' Perceptions of Disability in Mastocytosis

BACKGROUND: Indolent forms of mastocytosis account for more than 90% of all cases, but the types and type and severity of symptoms and their impact on the quality of life have not been well studied. We therefore performed a case-control cohort study to examine self-reported disability and impact of symptoms on the quality of life in patients with mastocytosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In 2004, 363 mastocytosis patients and 90 controls in France were asked to rate to their overall disability (OPA score) and the severity of 38 individual symptoms. The latter was used to calculate a composite score (AFIRMM score). Of the 363 respondents, 262 were part of an ongoing pathophysiological study so that the following data were available: World Health Organization classification, standard measures of physical and psychological disability, existence of the D816V KIT mutation, and serum tryptase level. The mean OPA and AFIRMM scores and the standard measures of disability indicated that most mastocytosis patients suffer from disabilities due to the disease. Surprisingly, the patient's measurable and perceived disabilities did not differ according to disease classification or presence or absence of the D816V KIT mutation or an elevated (> or = 20 ng/mL) serum tryptase level. Also, 32 of the 38 AFIRMM symptoms were more common in patients than controls, but there were not substantial differences according to disease classification, presence of the D816V mutation, or the serum tryptase level. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of these results and for the purposes of treatment, we propose that mastocytosis be first classified as aggressive or indolent and that indolent mastocytosis then be categorized according to the severity of patients' perceived symptoms and their impact on the quality of life. In addition, it appears that mastocytosis patients suffer from more symptoms and greater disability than previously thought, that mastocytosis may therefore be under-diagnosed, and that the symptoms of the indolent forms of mastocytosis might be due more to systemic release of mediators than mast cell burden

Female chromosome X mosaicism is age-related and preferentially affects the inactivated X chromosome

To investigate large structural clonal mosaicism of chromosome X, we analysed the SNP microarray intensity data of 38,303 women from cancer genome-wide association studies (20,878 cases and 17,425 controls) and detected 124 mosaic X events >2 Mb in 97 (0.25%) women. Here we show rates for X-chromosome mosaicism are four times higher than mean autosomal rates; X mosaic events more often include the entire chromosome and participants with X events more likely harbour autosomal mosaic events. X mosaicism frequency increases with age (0.11% in 50-year olds; 0.45% in 75-year olds), as reported for Y and autosomes. Methylation array analyses of 33 women with X mosaicism indicate events preferentially involve the inactive X chromosome. Our results provide further evidence that the sex chromosomes undergo mosaic events more frequently than autosomes, which could have implications for understanding the underlying mechanisms of mosaic events and their possible contribution to risk for chronic diseases

Female chromosome X mosaicism is age-related and preferentially affects the inactivated X chromosome

To investigate large structural clonal mosaicism of chromosome X, we analysed the SNP microarray intensity data of 38,303 women from cancer genome-wide association studies (20,878 cases and 17,425 controls) and detected 124 mosaic X events42Mb in 97 (0.25%) women. Here we show rates for X-chromosome mosaicism are four times higher than mean autosomal rates; X mosaic events more often include the entire chromosome and participants with X events more likely harbour autosomal mosaic events. X mosaicism frequency increases with age (0.11% in 50-year olds; 0.45% in 75-year olds), as reported for Y and autosomes. Methylation array analyses of 33 women with X mosaicism indicate events preferentially involve the inactive X chromosome. Our results provide further evidence that the sex chromosomes undergo mosaic events more frequently than autosomes, which could have implications for understanding the underlying mechanisms of mosaic events and their possible contribution to risk for chronic diseases

The Voice Of Freedom In Bob Marley’s Song Lyrics

Lirik Lagu Dapat Mengekspresikan Kondisi Sosial Masyarakat. Lirik Lagu Juga Dapat Digunakan Untuk Menyampaikan Pesan-Pesan Yang Berisi Tentang Kebebasan Dan Perdamaian. Beberapa Lirik Lagu Yang Mencerminkan Tentang Kondisi Sosial Yaitu Lagu-Lagu Bob Marley. Bob Marley Adalah Penyanyi Jamaika Yang Terkenal. Beberapa Lirik Lagu Bob Marley Yang Berjudul Blackman Redemption , Rebel Music , Redemption Song , Smile Jamaica And Slave Driver , Mencerminkan Suara Kebebasan. Lagu-Lagu Ini Merefleksikan Tentang Apa Yang Terjadi Pada Masyarakat Jamaika Yang Dahulu Dijajah Oleh Bangsa Spanyol Dan Inggris. Penelitian Ini Menggunakan Pendekatan Secara Ilmu Sosiologi Sebagai Dasar Untuk Menganalisa Suara Kebebasan Yang Direfleksikan Di Setiap Lagu Berdasarkan Pada Jenis-Jenis Kebebasan Seperti Kebebasan Diri Sendiri, Kebebasan Bersekutu/Berkelompok, Kebebasan Berkeyakinan, Dan Kebebasan Politik. Biografi Bob Marley Serta Referensi-Referensi Mengenai Kondisi Sosial Di Jamaika Juga Digunakan Sebagai Informasi Pendukung Untuk Menganalisa Penelitian Ini. Temuan Penelitian Ini Menunjukkan Bahwa Lirik-Lirik Lagu Bob Marley Menyuarakan Empat Jenis Kebebasan. Kebebasan Diri Sendiri Adalah Tema Pertama Yang Menonjol. Tema Kedua Adalah Kebebasan Berkeyakinan, Dan Tema Ketiga Adalah Kebebasan Bersekutu/Berkelompok, Dan Yang Terakhir Adalah Kebebasan Politik . Melalui Lagunya, Bob Marley Menyebarkan Pesan-Pesan Tentang Kebebasan Dan Perdamaian Dengan Mengacu Pada Pengalaman Masyarakat Jamaika Dalam Masa Penjajahan. Bagi Peneliti Selanjutnya, Disarankan Menggunakan Pendekatan Semiotik Untuk Meneliti Lagu-Lagu Bob Marley Yang Lain, Karena Di Sana Terdapat Banyak Simbol Yang Dapat Dihubungkan Dengan Budaya Masyarakat Jamaika Sebagai Penganut Kepercayaan Rastafari

The Voice Of Freedom In Bob Marley\u27s Song Lyrics

Beatrice Adeline. 2013. The Voice of Freedom in Bob Marley\u27s Song Lyrics. Study Program of English, Department of Languages and Literature, Faculty of Cultural Studies, Universitas Brawijaya. Supervisor: Juliati; Co-supervisor: Aris Siswanti. Keywords: Bob Marley, voice of freedom, song lyrics, the kinds of freedom Song lyrics can express the social condition of the society. Song lyrics can also be used to deliver messages of freedom and peace. Some of the song lyrics that reflect the social condition are Bob Marley\u27s songs. Bob Marley is a well known Jamaican singer. Bob Marley\u27s song lyrics entitled Blackman Redemption, Rebel Music, Redemption Song, Smile Jamaica and Slave Driver reflect the voice of freedom. These songs reflect what happens to Jamaican people who used to be colonized by Spain and British. The research employs sociological approach as the grounding theory to analyze the voice of freedom which is reflected in each song based on the kinds of freedom such as self freedom, collective freedom, spiritual freedom, and political freedom. The biography of Bob Marley and references about social condition in Jamaica are used as supporting information for the analysis. The result of this study shows that Bob Marley\u27s song lyrics express the four kinds of freedom. Self freedom is the first dominant theme. The second is spiritual freedom, and the third is collective freedom, and the last is political freedom. Through his songs, Bob Marley spreads the messages of freedom and peace by referring to the Jamaican\u27s experience in the colonial era. It is suggested that further researchers use semiotic approaches in Bob Marley\u27s other songs because many of his songs use symbols related to the Jamaican culture as the Rastafarians

Nutrition knowledge, attitudes and practices among healthcare workers in management of chronic kidney diseases in selected hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem. All health care professionals need to be knowledgeable and competent in nutrition as it applies to health promotion, prevention and treatment of acute and chronic diseases. Nutrition intervention is an important component in optimizing diet among CKD patients. However, there is limited information on the nutrition knowledge on management of CKD among healthcare workers in Dar es Salaam Tanzania. This study assessed nutrition knowledge, attitudes and current practices of healthcare workers in management of patients with CKD in selected hospitals. METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted amongst 133 healthcare workers in renal units in selected hospitals from December 2011 to March 2012. Hospitals were purposively selected based on the availability of renal care services in the facility. Nutrition knowledge and practices were assessed using a standardized questionnaire. Knowledge levels were categorised as > 61 % “adequate”41–60 % “moderate” and 1–40 % “low”. Attitudes were measured using a 5 Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data. Chi-square was used to test the relationship between categorical variables. A p -value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean nutrition knowledge score among health care workers was 9.8 (SD 3.12). There was a significant difference in the nutrition knowledge among carders (p ≤ 0.001). Medical specialists had a higher mean score (13.75) compared to medical doctors and nurses with mean scores 12.05 and 9.51 respectively. Other cadres had lower mean score of 8.65. Likert scale showed that 94 % had positive attitudes on the role of nutrition in preventing and treating diseases. Most of respondents (92 %) did not use any nutrition guidelines. Nutrition management were discussed occasionally during ward rounds. There were significant relationship between age group (χ 2 = 16.69; p = 0.01), work experience (χ 2 = 18.61; p < 0.01) and nutrition knowledge of participants. CONCLUSION: Nutrition knowledge among study participants was poor; though their attitude was positive they failed to practice due to poor knowledge. Inadequate nutrition training in medical school, lack of resources and motivation were identified as factors that influence nutrition management of CKD in the study area. Recommendations from the study include: review of medical curriculum to incorporate clinical nutrition topics, continuous nutrition education programs for in-services, improving working conditions and hiring clinical nutritionists in each hospital department would improve nutrition management of CKD patients in hospitals

Abnormal mortality of triploid adult Pacific oysters: Is there a correlation with high gametogenesis in Normandy, France?

International audienceSummer mortalities of the adult Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas are an important economic concern. In 2015 and 2016, the mortality of hatchery origin spat comprising 4 diploid batches and 9 triploid batches as well as 12 batches of wild caught diploids was followed at 3 sites in Normandy. Abnormal mortalities (> 20%) were observed at one site only and were significantly higher in triploid animals (P < .05). Triploid oysters are believed to be partially sterile but a high level of gametogenesis was observed in all monitored triploid batches. In 2015, preliminary results revealed that triploid oysters underwent strong gametogenesis with mature gametes (stage 3) and 50% of them were non-perturbed (i.e. named alpha). In 2016, 42% of triploid oysters were alpha. This study revealed that triploid oyster maturation occurred in September, which corresponded to the time of high mortalities in Normandy

Parental exposure to the herbicide diuron results in oxidative DNA damage to germinal cells of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

Chemical pollution by pesticides has been identified as a possible contributing factor to the massive mortality outbreaks observed in Crassostrea gigas for several years. A previous study demonstrated the vertical transmission of DNA damage by subjecting oyster genitors to the herbicide diuron at environmental concentrations during gametogenesis. This trans-generational effect occurs through damage to genitor-exposed gametes, as measured by the comet-assay. The presence of DNA damage in gametes could be linked to the formation of DNA damage in other germ cells. In order to explore this question, the levels and cell distribution of the oxidized base lesion 8-oxodGuo were studied in the gonads of exposed genitors. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV and electrochemical detection analysis showed an increase in 8-oxodGuo levels in both male and female gonads after exposure to diuron. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed the presence of 8-oxodGuo at all stages of male germ cells, from early to mature stages. Conversely, the oxidized base was only present in early germ cell stages in female gonads. These results indicate that male and female genitors underwent oxidative stress following exposure to diuron, resulting in DNA oxidation in both early germ cells and gametes, such as spermatozoa, which could explain the transmission of diuron-induced DNA damage to offspring. Furthermore, immunostaining of early germ cells seems indicates that damages caused by exposure to diuron on germ line not only affect the current sexual cycle but also could affect future gametogenesis