Tõrjemeetmete tegevuskava ohtlikele kultiveerimismaterjali kahjustajatele punavöötaudile ja pruunvöötaudile : kokkuvõttev aruanne

Invasiivsete patogeenide koloniseerimisprotsessi on vallandanud peamiselt kliima soojenemine ja kasvav majanduse globaliseerumine. Viimasel aastakümnel on Balti- ja Põhjamaades dokumenteeritud ligi tosin invasiivset puude haiguse tekitajat, sealhulgas ka männi okkahaigused pruunvöötaud (Lecanosticta acicola (Thümen) A. Sydow) ja punavöötaud (tekitajad Dothistroma septosporum (Dorog.) M. Morelet ja Dothistroma pini Hulbary). Käesoleva töö eesmärk on saada tegevusjuhised kultiveerimismaterjali ohtlike kahjustajate punavöötaudi ja pruunvöötaudi ennetamiseks või siis juhuks, kui nimetatud kahjustajad on avastatud kultiveerimismaterjali tootvas ja importivas taimlas. Punavöötaudi tekitaja kottseen Dothistroma septosporum (varasemad nimed Mycosphaerella pini, Scirrhia pini) ja D. pini ning pruunvöötaudi tekitaja kottseen Lecanosticta acicola (varasemad nimed Mycosphaerella dearnessii, Scirrhia acicola, Lecanosticta pini) on ohtlike kahjustajate nimekirjas juhul, kui need esinevad männi Pinus L. istutamiseks ette nähtud taimedel, välja arvatud seemned (Nõukogu direktiivi 2000/29/EÜ II lisa). Ohtlike kahjustajate levitamine on keelatud ning nende leviku piiramiseks tuleb rakendada tõrjeabinõusid. Töös antakse põhjalik Eesti teadlaste-patoloogide poolt tehtud tööde baasil ning asjakohasel teaduskirjandusel baseeruv ülevaade puna- ja pruunvöötaudide tekitajate bioloogiast, ökoloogiast, levikust nende sümptomitest ja diagnostikast ning võimalikest tõrjeabinõudest üldiselt ja siis kui taimlas on avastatud eelpoolnimetatud ohtlik kahjustaja. Kirjeldatud on riske importiva taimla ja ainult kodumist materjali kasutava taimla vahel. Lisaks on analüüsitud majanduslikku kahju ning kahju minimeerimise võimalusi taimlates

Worldwide diversity of endophytic fungi and insects associated with dormant tree twigs

International trade in plants and climate change are two of the main factors causing damaging tree pests (i.e. fungi and insects) to spread into new areas. To mitigate these risks, a large-scale assessment of tree-associated fungi and insects is needed. We present records of endophytic fungi and insects in twigs of 17 angiosperm and gymnosperm genera, from 51 locations in 32 countries worldwide. Endophytic fungi were characterized by highthroughput sequencing of 352 samples from 145 tree species in 28 countries. Insects were reared from 227 samples of 109 tree species in 18 countries and sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree-associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. This dataset will facilitate applied and fundamental studies on the distribution of fungal endophytes and insects in trees.Estación Experimental Agropecuaria BarilocheFil: Franic, Iva. CABI; SuizaFil: Franic, Iva. Instituto Federal Suizo para la Investigación de Bosques, Nieve y Paisajes; SuizaFil: Prospero, Simone. Instituto Federal Suizo para la Investigación de Bosques, Nieve y Paisajes; SuizaFil: Adamson, Kalev. Estonian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering; EstoniaFil: Corley, Juan Carlos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Corley, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Lantschner, Maria Victoria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area Forestal; ArgentinaFil: Lantschner, Maria Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Soliani, Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area Forestal; ArgentinaFil: Soliani, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Eschen, René. CABI; Suiz

Keskkonnainvesteeringute Keskuse 2013.a. metsanduse programmi projekt nr. 6018

21. sajandi algus tõi kogu maailmas, sealhulgas ka Euroopas, eriti aga just Põhja-Euroopas endaga kaasa hulgaliselt uusi metsakaitselisi probleeme, millistest ehk isegi olulisimad kuuluvad puude haiguste, seega metsapatoloogia valdkonda. Ilmselt on vastavad muutused toimunud kahe suure teguri – 20. sajandi viimasel kümnendil alanud kliima (eriti talve-kliima) soojenemise, kuid ka globaalse kaubanduse, s.h. elustaimede (seemned, istikud) ja puit-pakkeja –täidismaterjalide transpordi tohutu kasvu tõttu nii kontinentide siseselt kui ka nende väliselt. Sellele eelnenud, paar viimast sajandit kestnud kontrollimatu puuseemnete levitamine – alates taskupõhjas kaasatoomisest turismi- ja muudelt reisidelt kuni teadlikuma ja ulatuslikuma „võõrpuuliikide introduktsiooni“ nime all toimunud tegevusteni. Võõra päritoluga puuseemnete muldasängitamine on loonud paljudes paikades, nii ka Eestis, olukorra, kus talvekülmade kui lõunapoolseid haigusetekitajaid seni takistanud teguri äralangemise tõttu saabuvad patogeenid leiavad uutel, põhjapoolsetel aladel eest ka „kaetud laua“ neile kodumaalgi enim-sobinud puuliikide näol. Ja pole imestada, et tagajärjed võivad osutuda ja ongi osutunud katastroofiliseks! Nagu näiteks karantiinsete puna- ja pruun-vöötaudi puhul okaspuudel või uue invasiivse metsahaiguse – saaresurma näol meie lehtpuumetsades ning haljasaladel. Saaresurma puhul avaldub aga veel hoopis teinegi, nii inim- kui taimepatoloogias põhimõtteliselt juba varemgi tuntud aspekt: äsja sissetoodud haigusetekitajaga on kohalikul populatsioonil ajalooliselt (s.o. evolutsioonis) puudunud igasugune kontakt ja patogeenile kohastumata peremehe (inimese või taime) ootamatu kontakt virulentse uustulnukaga lõpeb ränga epideemiaga (nagu näit. Ameerika indiaanlastelt pärinev süüfilis Euroopas, kartuli lehemädanik põllumajanduslikus ja - miks mitte, ka saaresurm metsapatoloogias). Epidemioloogia ongi teadus, mis „ajab jälgi“ epideemiateks arenenud/kujunenud haigustel, üritades mõista põhjusi ja seoseid, mis tõid endaga kaasa sedavõrd tõsiseid tagajärgi majandusele, kuid ka looduslikule mitmekesisusele ja –tasakaalule – muidugi selleks, et luua teoreetilised alused senistele järgnevate uute ebasoovitavate tulnukate kiireks avastamiseks ning nende vastase tõrjestrateegia väljatöötamiseks. Ja taas, nagu vöötaudide puhul okaspuudel, ei saa ka saaresurma sündroomi uurimisel läbi „kaksikvendadeta“, s.o. palju segadust tekitavate, morfoloogiliselt äärmiselt raskesti eristatavate sõsarliikideta, millised on aga äärmiselt erineva virulentsuse ja teiste käitumistunnustega. Nii on see juhtunud ka saaresurma sündroomis. Saaresurma puhul, millist tunneme, täpsemalt väljendudes – millist oleme kogenud kasvava puhanguna alles vähem kui kümmekond aastat, ei saa me veel muidugi palju rääkida tema „tundmisest“. Mis puutub saaresurma, siis käesolevaga aruantava KIK´i uurimisprojekti eelselt olime Eestis teaduslikult vaieldamatult/ümberlükkamatult tõestanud tema esinemise ja kiire edenemise ning DNA-metoodika abil (tänu KIK´i rahastusel loodud DNA-laborile meie töörühma käsutuses!) identifitseerinud patogeeni kuuluvuse samasse, Euroopa keskosast 5 lähtuvasse (mis on küll alles hüpoteesi tasemel!) epideemiasse. Ja kogu muu saareurma epidemioloogilises uurimistöös saadud informatsioon käesolevas aruandes on hangitud juba käesoleva, samuti KIK´i rahastusel toiminud projekti raames. Tihe koostöö EMÜ (ja sellele eelnenud ZBI) mükoloogidega on andnud meile saaresurma epidemioloogilisel „jälgede ajamisel“, so. patogeeni ja tema süütu sõsarliigi ajaloo uurimisel Eestis (ja fragmentaarselt ka väljaspool Eestit!) väärtuslikke vihjeid ajast, mil kõnealust mikroseent ei peetud veel ohtlikuks patogeeniks. Probleemi ulatust ja tõsidust arvestades kogu Euroopas pole meie uurimisrühm ainus, kes saaresurma epidemioloogiaga tegeleb. Tugevad rühmad tegutsevad Kesk-Euroopas (eriti Šveitsis ja Tšehhis) ning Põhjalamaadest Norras ja Rootsis. Nendega on meil tihe koostöö ja informatsiooni vahetus mitte ainult konverentsidel, vaid ka seminaridel (COST projekti Fraxback), „töötubades“ (Workshops) ja ühistel ekspeditsioonidel (nagu näiteks aruandeperioodil toimunu Venemaa Kaug-Itta - saaresurma tekitaja alg-kodumaale)

RMK lepinguline projekt 2016 - 2019: Kuusikute raieaja ja raieviiside mõju patogeenide levikule ja arvukusele ning puistu elurikkusele viljakates kasvukohatüüpides lõpparuande pikem versioon (LISA)

Käesolev uurimustöö on Eesti Maaülikooli ja Tartu Ülikooli kolme aastane lepinguline koostööprojekt. Iga osa koostasid või selle osa sisulist analüüsi juhtisid erinevad autorid, kes on nimetatud iga vastava aruande osa ees. Töö eesmärk on selgitada hariliku kuuse puistute majandamise (hooldus-, harvendus- ja sanitaarraie) mõju juuremädanike levikule ja kahjustusele ning seente ja epifüütide elurikkusele võrrelduna majandamata (raiumata) puistutega. Lepinguline töö jagunes järgmisteks osadeks: mullaseente elustik, lamapuidu seente elustik, seente elustik eluspuude puidus ja kändudes, samblike ja sammalde elustik, juurepessu antagonistid ning metsamajanduslik osa. Viimane sisaldab mädanike kahjude hinnanguid kuusikutes ja selle majanduslikke kalkulatsioone. Lepingulise koostööprojekti eesmärgid olid järgmised: 1. Hinnata erinevate metsamajandamise võtete, hooldusraiete korduse ning teostamise aja (puistu vanus ja aastaaeg) mõju patogeenide arvukusele, mullaelustikule ja epifüütidele viljakates kuuse-enamusega metsades. 2. Analüüsida teaduslikult kuusikute raieringi pikkuse mõju kuuse tüvepuidu sortimentide väljatulekule, tüvekahjustuste ulatusele ja elurikkusele. 3. Hinnata juuremädanikest tingitud majandusliku kahju suurust ja patogeenide arvukust viljakates kuusepuistutes (sh kändudes ja mullas) ning ühtlasi tuvastada potentsiaalseid juuremädanike antagoniste Eesti mulla- ja kliimatingimustes. 4. Koostada arvutusmudelid, mis võimaldavad erinevate sisendite (mädanike osakaal ja levik tüves, hooldusraiete aeg puistu vanusest ja vegetatsiooniperioodist lähtuvalt, mulla elurikkus) abil kirjeldada kuusikute kasvukäiku ja arvutada erinevaid tegureid arvestavad küpsusvanused, nt mahu- ja hinnaküpsus

Diversity, migration routes, and worldwide population genetic structure of Lecanosticta acicola, the causal agent of brown spot needle blight

Lecanosticta acicola is a pine needle pathogen causing brown spot needle blight that results in premature needle shedding with considerable damage described in North America, Europe, and Asia. Microsatellite and mating type markers were used to study the population genetics, migration history, and reproduction mode of the pathogen, based on a collection of 650 isolates from 27 countries and 26 hosts across the range of L. acicola. The presence of L. acicola in Georgia was confirmed in this study. Migration analyses indicate there have been several introduction events from North America into Europe. However, some of the source populations still appear to remain unknown. The populations in Croatia and western Asia appear to originate from genetically similar populations in North America. Intercontinental movement of the pathogen was reflected in an identical haplotype occurring on two continents, in North America (Canada) and Europe (Germany). Several shared haplotypes between European populations further suggests more local pathogen movement between countries. Moreover, migration analyses indicate that the populations in northern Europe originate from more established populations in central Europe. Overall, the highest genetic diversity was observed in south-eastern USA. In Europe, the highest diversity was observed in France, where the presence of both known pathogen lineages was recorded. Less than half of the observed populations contained mating types in equal proportions. Although there is evidence of some sexual reproduction taking place, the pathogen spreads predominantly asexually and through anthropogenic activity

Diplodia Tip Blight on Its Way to the North: Drivers of Disease Emergence in Northern Europe

Disease emergence in northern and boreal forests has been mostly due to tree-pathogen encounters lacking a co-evolutionary past. However, outbreaks involving novel interactions of the host or the pathogen with the environment have been less well documented. Following an increase of records in Northern Europe, the first large outbreak of Diplodia sapinea on Pinus sylvestris was discovered in Sweden in 2016. By reconstructing the development of the epidemic, we found that the attacks started approx. 10 years back from several isolated trees in the stand and ended up affecting almost 90% of the trees in 2016. Limited damage was observed in other plantations in the surroundings of the affected stand, pointing to a new introduced pathogen as the cause of the outbreak. Nevertheless, no genetic differences based on SSR markers were found between isolates of the outbreak area and other Swedish isolates predating the outbreak or from other populations in Europe and Asia Minor. On a temporal scale, we saw that warm May and June temperatures were associated with higher damage and low tree growth, while cold and rainy conditions seemed to favor growth and deter disease. At a spatial scale, we saw that spread occurred predominantly in the SW aspect-area of the stand. Within that area and based on tree-ring and isotope (δ13C) analyses, we saw that disease occurred on trees that over the years had shown a lower water-use efficiency (WUE). Spore traps showed that highly infected trees were those producing the largest amount of inoculum. D. sapinea impaired latewood growth and reduced C reserves in needles and branches. D. sapinea attacks can cause serious economic damage by killing new shoots, disrupting the crown, and affecting the quality of stems. Our results show that D. sapinea has no limitations in becoming a serious pathogen in Northern Europe. Management should focus on reducing inoculum, especially since climate change may bring more favorable conditions for this pathogen. Seedlings for planting should be carefully inspected as D. sapinea may be present in a latent stage in asymptomatic tissues

Regional-scale in-depth analysis of soil fungal diversity reveals strong pH and plant species effects in Northern Europe

Soil microbiome has a pivotal role in ecosystem functioning, yet little is known about its build-up from local to regional scales. In a multi-year regional-scale survey involving 1251 plots and long-read third-generation sequencing, we found that soil pH has the strongest effect on the diversity of fungi and its multiple taxonomic and functional groups. The pH effects were typically unimodal, usually both direct and indirect through tree species, soil nutrients or mold abundance. Individual tree species, particularlyPinus sylvestris,Picea abies, andPopulus x wettsteinii, and overall ectomycorrhizal plant proportion had relatively stronger effects on the diversity of biotrophic fungi than saprotrophic fungi. We found strong temporal sampling and investigator biases for the abundance of molds, but generally all spatial, temporal and microclimatic effects were weak. Richness of fungi and several functional groups was highest in woodlands and around ruins of buildings but lowest in bogs, with marked group-specific trends. In contrast to our expectations, diversity of soil fungi tended to be higher in forest island habitats potentially due to the edge effect, but fungal richness declined with island distance and in response to forest fragmentation. Virgin forests supported somewhat higher fungal diversity than old non-pristine forests, but there were no differences in richness between natural and anthropogenic habitats such as parks and coppiced gardens. Diversity of most fungal groups suffered from management of seminatural woodlands and parks and thinning of forests, but especially for forests the results depended on fungal group and time since partial harvesting. We conclude that the positive effects of tree diversity on overall fungal richness represent a combined niche effect of soil properties and intimate associations

Global Geographic Distribution and Host Range of Fusarium circinatum, the Causal Agent of Pine Pitch Canker

Funding: This study was financially supported by COST Action FP1406 (PINESTRENGTH), the Estonian Science Foundation grant PSG136, the Forestry Commission, United Kingdom, the Phytophthora Research Centre Reg. No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000453, a project co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund. ANSES is supported by a grant managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the “Investissements d’Avenir” programme (ANR-11-LABX-0002-01, Laboratory of ExcellenceARBRE). SW was partly supported by BBSRC Grant reference BB/L012251/1 “Promoting resilience of UK tree species to novel pests & pathogens: ecological & evolutionary solutions (PROTREE)” jointly funded by BBSRC, Defra, ESRC, the Forestry Commission, NERC and the Scottish Government, under the Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity Initiative. Annual surveys in Switzerland were financially supported by the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment FOEN. Acknowledgments: Andrea Kunova and Cristina Pizzatti are acknowledged for the assistance in the sampling. Thanks are due to Dina Ribeiro and Helena Marques from ICNF-Portuguese Forest Authority for providing location coordinates. We thank three anonymous reviwers for valuable corrections and suggestions.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Worldwide diversity of endophytic fungi and insects associated with dormant tree twigs

International trade in plants and climate change are two of the main factors causing damaging tree pests (i.e. fungi and insects) to spread into new areas. To mitigate these risks, a large-scale assessment of tree-associated fungi and insects is needed. We present records of endophytic fungi and insects in twigs of 17 angiosperm and gymnosperm genera, from 51 locations in 32 countries worldwide. Endophytic fungi were characterized by high-throughput sequencing of 352 samples from 145 tree species in 28 countries. Insects were reared from 227 samples of 109 tree species in 18 countries and sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree-associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. This dataset will facilitate applied and fundamental studies on the distribution of fungal endophytes and insects in trees

Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees.

Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on differences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could affect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate