Effects of Incremental Amounts of Fish Oil on Trans Fatty Acids and Butyrivibrio Bacteria in Continuous Culture Fermenters.

Previous studies have shown that adding fish oil (FO) to ruminant animal diets increased vaccenic acid (VA; t11 C18:1) accumulation in the rumen. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary FO amounts on selected strains of rumen bacteria involved in biohydrogenation. A single-flow continuous culture system consisting of four fermenters was used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four 9 days consecutive periods. Treatment diets were as follows: (i) control diet (53:47 forage to concentrate; CON), (ii) control plus FO at 0.5% (DM basis; FOL), (iii) control plus FO at 2% (DM basis; FOM) and (iv) control plus FO at 3.5% (DM basis; FOH). Fermenters were fed treatment diets three times daily at 120 g/day. Samples were collected from each fermenter on day 9 of each period at 1.5, 3 and 6 h post-morning feeding and then composited into one sample per fermenter. Increasing dietary FO amounts resulted in a linear decrease in acetate and isobutyrate concentrations and a linear decrease in acetate-to-propionate ratio. Propionate, butyrate, valerate and isovalerate concentrations were not affected by FO supplementation. Concentrations of C18:0 in fermenters linearly decreased, while concentrations of t10 C18:1 and VA linearly increased as dietary FO amounts increased. The concentrations of c9t11 and t10c12 conjugated linoleic acid were not affected by FO supplementation. The DNA abundance for Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Butyrivibrio vaccenic acid subgroup, Butyrivibrio stearic acid subgroup and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus linearly decreased as dietary FO amounts increased. In conclusion, FO effects on trans fatty acid accumulation in the rumen may be explained in part by FO influence on Butyrivibrio group

The Effects of Cinnamaldehyde, Monensin and Quebracho Condensed Tannin on Rumen Fermentation, Biohydrogenation and Bacteria in Continuous Culture System

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different feed additives (cinnamaldehyde, monensin, and quebracho condensed tannin extract) on fermentation, trans fatty acids (FA) formation and selected strains of rumen bacteria. Four continuous culture systems were used in 4 × 4 Latin square designs with 4 periods of 10 days each. Treatment diets were: control diet (44:56 forage to concentrate; CON), control plus cinnamaldehyde (CIN) at 400 mg/L, control plus monensin (MON) at 12 mg/L, and control with quebracho condensed tannin extract (QTAN) at 100 g/kg of diet (DM basis). Fermenters were fed treatment diets three times daily at 120 g/day and overflow (effluent) samples were collected from each fermenter on days 8, 9 and 10 of each period to estimate nutrients digestibility and FA composition. On day 10 of each period, three samples were collected from each fermenter at 3 and 6 h post morning feeding for volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia-N and bacterial analyses. Compared with the CON diet, feed additives had no effects (P \u3e 0.05) on apparent dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and organic matter (OM) digestibility but apparent protein digestibility decreased (P \u3c 0.01) with the QTAN and CIN diets. Compared with the CON diet, the concentration of acetate decreased (P \u3c 0.05) with the MON and CIN diets. The concentration of propionate increased (P \u3c 0.05) with the MON and QTAN diets and was greatest with the MON diet. Ammonia-N concentration decreased (P \u3c 0.01) with all feed additives and was least with the QTAN diet. The concentration of C18:0 decreased (P \u3c 0.01) with the three feed additives and was least with the MON diet. Concentration of trans C18:1 and vaccenic acid (VA) increased (P \u3c 0.05) with the MON and CIN diets and was greatest with the MON diet. Compared with the CON diet, the concentration of c9t11CLA increased (P \u3c 0.05) only with the QTAN diet. The DNA abundance of Butyrivibrio proteoclasticum decreased (P \u3c 0.05) with the MON and CIN diets while the DNA abundance for Butyrivibrio VA increased (P \u3c 0.05) with all feed additives compared with the CON diet. Feed additives had no effects (P \u3e 0.05) on the DNA abundance of Anaerovibrio lipolytica and Butyrivibrio SA. In conclusion, results demonstrate that the feed additives used in this study affected the fermentation and biohydrogenation process. Addition of feed additives reduced the formation of C18:0 but only MON and CIN increased VA formation. MON and CIN effects on VA formation may in part be explained by their effects on B. proteoclasticum

Fish Oil Increases the Duodenal Flow of Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and trans-11 18:1 and Decreases 18:0 in Steers via Changes in the Rumen Bacterial Community

Ruminant fat is rich in SFA, partly due to the biohydrogenation of dietary PUFA to SFA in the rumen. This process can be inhibited by the dietary inclusion of fish oil. The only bacteria isolated from the rumen capable of converting PUFA to SFA are closely related to Clostridium proteoclasticum. The aim of this study was to investigate if a correlation could be found in vivo between dietary fish oil inclusions and the composition of the ruminal bacterial community and specifically of C. proteoclasticum. Six Hereford × Friesian steers, prepared with ruminal and duodenal cannulae, received grass silage plus 1 of 3 concentrates resulting in total dietary fish oil contents of 0, 1, or 3% of dry matter. A dual flow marker technique was employed to estimate the relative flow of fatty acids. Steers fed the 3% fish oil diet had 100% increases in trans 18:1 flow, whereas 18:0 flow declined to 39% of steers fed the control diet. 16S ribosomal RNA-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles obtained from ruminal digesta showed major changes in the bacterial community within steers fed the 3% fish oil diet. Quantitative PCR indicated only a weak relation between numbers of C. proteoclasticum and 18:0 flow between treatments and in individual steers (P < 0.05, but the percentage variance accounted for only 22.8) and did not provide unambiguous evidence that numbers of C. proteoclasticum in the rumen dictate the ratios of SFA:PUFA available for absorption by the animal. Understanding which microbes biohydrogenate PUFA in the rumen is key to developing novel strategies to improve the quality of ruminant products

Dietary fish oil supplements depress milk fat yield and alter milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed grass silage-based diets

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A holistic framework of corporate website favourability

This paper extends the current knowledge of corporate website favourability (CWF) by developing a comprehensive conceptual model of its influence on corporate image, corporate reputation, loyalty and identification. The paper reviews previous studies on corporate websites from the perspectives of marketing, management, corporate identity and corporate visual identity in order to inform our understanding of the antecedents and consequences of CWF. The propositions and the conceptual framework present an approach by which a corporation can design and manage a favourable corporate website. A number of important contributions are offered: First, the paper adds to the understanding of CWF; second, it discusses the antecedents of CWF by drawing upon the existing literature; third, it is beneficial for practitioners in shaping CWF strategies, and fourth, it offers possible consequences of CWF and provides a framework for future testing

Fish meal versus soybean meal in the diet of lactating cows.

Twelve multiparous Holstein cows at 48 ± 8 DIM were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 21 d periods to determine the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with fish meal (FM) on feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood amino acids (AA), and ruminal volatile fatty acids (VF A). Fish meal substituted soybean meal in an isonitrogenous basis at 0, 25, 50, and 100% of protein supplement. Total mixed diets were (DM basis) 25% com silage, 25% alfalfa hay, and 50% concentrate mix. Intake of DM (27.9, 27.8, 26.1, and 25.8 kg/d for diets 1 to 4, respectively) was similar (P \u3e 0.14) for all diets. Milk yield (37.5, 37.8, 37.2, and 37.7 kg/d) was not affected (P = 0.85) by diets. Milk protein percentages (3.23, 3.24, 3.31, and 3.35) increased (P \u3c 0.02) with 100% FM supplementation, and tended ( P = 0.08) to be higher with 50% FM supplementation compare to 100% SBM diet. Milk fat percentages (3.18, 2.99, 3.04, and 2.87) and yield (1.21, 1.13, 1.11, and 1.06 kg/d) were lower (P \u3c 0.05) with the 100% FM than with the 100% SBM diet. Fish meal supplementation slightly improved Met status. Both extraction efficiencies and transfer efficiencies of AA from the blood by the mammary gland indicated that Met, Lys and Phe were the most limiting AA in all diets. Concentration of omega-3-fatty acids in milk fat (0.54, 0.56, 0.63, and 0.72 g/100 g fatty acids) increased (P \u3c 0.02) as the proportion of FM in the diet increased. Concentration of c9,t11 conjugated linoleic acid (0.39, 0.44, 0.46, and 0.72 g/100 g fatty acids) and transvaccenic acid (1.09, 1.19, 1.28, and 1.54 g/100 g fatty acids) were higher (P \u3c 0.04) with the 100% FM diet than with 100% SBM diet. Molar proportions of acetate ( 63 .1, 60.1, 61.3, and 59.3 mol/100 mol) decreased (P \u3c 0.05) with the 100% FM diet. A total replacement of SBM with FM in the diet of lactating cows would be one way to increase milk protein percentages and the beneficial FA (CLA, TVA, and omega-3 FA) in milk fat .if the cost of FM is comparative with SBM