35 research outputs found
Asteroseismology and Interferometry
Asteroseismology provides us with a unique opportunity to improve our
understanding of stellar structure and evolution. Recent developments,
including the first systematic studies of solar-like pulsators, have boosted
the impact of this field of research within Astrophysics and have led to a
significant increase in the size of the research community. In the present
paper we start by reviewing the basic observational and theoretical properties
of classical and solar-like pulsators and present results from some of the most
recent and outstanding studies of these stars. We centre our review on those
classes of pulsators for which interferometric studies are expected to provide
a significant input. We discuss current limitations to asteroseismic studies,
including difficulties in mode identification and in the accurate determination
of global parameters of pulsating stars, and, after a brief review of those
aspects of interferometry that are most relevant in this context, anticipate
how interferometric observations may contribute to overcome these limitations.
Moreover, we present results of recent pilot studies of pulsating stars
involving both asteroseismic and interferometric constraints and look into the
future, summarizing ongoing efforts concerning the development of future
instruments and satellite missions which are expected to have an impact in this
field of research.Comment: Version as published in The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, Volume
14, Issue 3-4, pp. 217-36
Self-oscillation
Physicists are very familiar with forced and parametric resonance, but
usually not with self-oscillation, a property of certain dynamical systems that
gives rise to a great variety of vibrations, both useful and destructive. In a
self-oscillator, the driving force is controlled by the oscillation itself so
that it acts in phase with the velocity, causing a negative damping that feeds
energy into the vibration: no external rate needs to be adjusted to the
resonant frequency. The famous collapse of the Tacoma Narrows bridge in 1940,
often attributed by introductory physics texts to forced resonance, was
actually a self-oscillation, as was the swaying of the London Millennium
Footbridge in 2000. Clocks are self-oscillators, as are bowed and wind musical
instruments. The heart is a "relaxation oscillator," i.e., a non-sinusoidal
self-oscillator whose period is determined by sudden, nonlinear switching at
thresholds. We review the general criterion that determines whether a linear
system can self-oscillate. We then describe the limiting cycles of the simplest
nonlinear self-oscillators, as well as the ability of two or more coupled
self-oscillators to become spontaneously synchronized ("entrained"). We
characterize the operation of motors as self-oscillation and prove a theorem
about their limit efficiency, of which Carnot's theorem for heat engines
appears as a special case. We briefly discuss how self-oscillation applies to
servomechanisms, Cepheid variable stars, lasers, and the macroeconomic business
cycle, among other applications. Our emphasis throughout is on the energetics
of self-oscillation, often neglected by the literature on nonlinear dynamical
systems.Comment: 68 pages, 33 figures. v4: Typos fixed and other minor adjustments. To
appear in Physics Report