Eron jälkeinen vaino

Tiivistelmä. Tämän kandidaatintyön tavoitteena oli selvittää mitä tiedämme eron jälkeisestä vainosta tehdyn suomalaisen tutkimuksen valossa ja samalla selvittää mahdollisia tutkimusaukkoja. Työ alkoi käytännön tarpeesta, jonka olen poliisina lähisuhdeväkivaltarikoksia tutkiessani ja ennalta estävää työtä sidosryhmäyhteistyönä tehdessäni todennut. Minua ohjasi aiheen tutkimiseen mielenkiinto ja motivaatio saada kehittää lähisuhdeväkivallan ennalta estävää työtä. Vain noin 10 % lähisuhdeväkivallasta tulee viranomaisten tietoon. Eron jälkeinen vaino on lähisuhdeväkivaltaa, joka usein jää vielä enemmän piiloon. Tutkielma on tehty kuvailevan kirjallisuuskatsauksen metodein, jonka avulla olen etsinyt luotettavia artikkeleita ja tutkimustietoa, joista olen saanut tietoa aiheesta. Lähestyin aihetta lähisuhdeväkivallan viitekehyksessä. Luin runsaasti kirjallisuutta ja tutkimusta aiheesta ja lopulta työhöni valikoitui 16 lähdettä, joiden avulla kokosin tietoa työhöni. Tulokset kertoivat eron jälkeisen vainon olevan lähisuhdeväkivaltaa, joka aiheuttaa uhrilleen jatkuvaa pelkoa, ahdistusta ja elämisen piirin kaventumista. Eron jälkeisen vainon piirteet ovat moninaiset ja elävät yhteiskuntamme muutoksen myötä, esimerkiksi digitaalinen vaino on lisääntynyt. Eron jälkeisen vainon seuraamukset uhrille voivat myös olla moninaiset ahdistuksen tunteesta konkreettiseen väkivallan uhkaan ja perhesurmaan. Pakottavan kontrollin on todettu olevan yksi eron jälkeisen vainon osatekijä. Yhteiskunnalle lähisuhdeväkivalta on kallis väkivallan muoto. Tutkimuksesta selvisi, että yhteiskunnassamme ei tunnisteta eron jälkeistä vainoa riittävällä tavalla. Kokonaisuutta ei nähdä, eikä tunnisteta, vaan katsotaan yksittäisiä tekoja, jotka usein ovat näennäisen mitättömiä. Sekä viranomaiset, että uhri itse voivat kyseenalaistaa kokemuksia ja tapahtumia ja leimata niitä esimerkiksi ero- tai huoltajuusriidoiksi. Sekä kokijaan, että tekijään kohdistuvan ennalta estävän työn kehittäminen mahdollisimman toimivaksi yhteistyössä eri viranomaisten ja muiden tahojen kanssa on tärkeää. Mikään taho ei yksin pysty tilannetta ratkaisemaan. Lähisuhdeväkivallan, eron jälkeisen vainon, pakottavan kontrollin ja perhesurmien välillä näyttäisi olevan yhteys, jonka vuoksi uhka- ja riskinarviointia on tärkeää tehdä ajoissa, jotta auttavat toimenpiteet osataan kohdistaa oikein. Eron jälkeisen vainon estämiseksi tarvitaan tiivistä viranomaisyhteistyötä ja koulutusta. Kehittämiskohteiksi voisi ajatella ilmiön tuntemisen, tunnistamisen, uhrin ja tekijän kohtaamisen ja turvallisen puuttumisen. Suomessa lähisuhdeväkivallan osalta pelkästään fyysisen lähisuhdeväkivallan terveydenhuollon kautta aiheuttama suora lisäkustannus yhteiskunnalle on noin 150 miljoonaa euroa vuodessa. Ajattelen, että ennalta estävän työn tarve ja siihen liittyvän tiedon ja koulutuksen tarve tulevat kasvamaan tulevaisuudessa

Nurses' required end-of-life care competence in health centres inpatient ward - a qualitative descriptive study

Background Studies of nurses' required competence in EOL care in health centres are rare. It is important to produce information about experienced nurses' perceptions of the competence they consider important in their practical work.Aim The aim of this study was to describe nurses' required competence in EOL care in health centre inpatient wards as experienced by nurses.Method A descriptive qualitative study using four semi-structured group interviews (20 nurses) and inductive descriptive content analysis.Results Five categories describing nurses' required competence in EOL care in a health centre inpatient ward were identified: (1) ethics and courage in action, (2) support for the patient, (3) support for the family, (4) care planning and (5) physical care. Factors promoting nurses' competence in EOL care comprised two categories: (1) professional development in EOL care and (2) an organisation that supports EOL care.Conclusions End-of-life care in health centre inpatient wards requires wide and complex competence from nurses. Nurses' experiences of required competence are associated with holistic care of the patient, encountering the family and multiprofessional cooperation. Nurses' competence in EOL care could be enhanced with postgraduate education, and educational planning should be given more attention in the future

Population genetic analysis reveals a geographically limited transition zone between two genetically distinct Atlantic salmon lineages in Norway

Atlantic salmon is characterized by a high degree of population genetic structure throughout its native range. However, while populations inhabiting rivers in Norway and Russia make up a significant proportion of salmon in the Atlantic, thus far, genetic studies in this region have only encompassed low to modest numbers of populations. Here, we provide the first “in‐depth” investigation of population genetic structuring in the species in this region. Analysis of 18 microsatellites on >9,000 fish from 115 rivers revealed highly significant population genetic structure throughout, following a hierarchical pattern. The highest and clearest level of division separated populations north and south of the Lofoten region in northern Norway. In this region, only a few populations displayed intermediate genetic profiles, strongly indicating a geographically limited transition zone. This was further supported by a dedicated cline analysis. Population genetic structure was also characterized by a pattern of isolation by distance. A decline in overall genetic diversity was observed from the south to the north, and two of the microsatellites showed a clear decrease in number of alleles across the observed transition zone. Together, these analyses support results from previous studies, that salmon in Norway originate from two main genetic lineages, one from the Barents–White Sea refugium that recolonized northern Norwegian and adjacent Russian rivers, and one from the eastern Atlantic that recolonized the rest of Norway. Furthermore, our results indicate that local conditions in the limited geographic transition zone between the two observed lineages, characterized by open coastline with no obvious barriers to gene flow, are strong enough to maintain the genetic differentiation between them.publishedVersio

What is the potential for replacing monocultures with mixed-species stands to enhance ecosystem services in boreal forests in Fennoscandia?

The boreal forests of Fennoscandia are largely dominated by Norway spruce and Scots pine. Conifer monocultures have been favoured in forest management during the last decades. Recently, concern has risen that forests consisting of only one tree species could be vulnerable to biotic damage. Additionally, environmental and societal changes are placing new demands on forest utilization, thus shifting the focus to alternative forest management options providing a wider scale of ecosystem services. It has been proposed that mixed forests are better than monocultures with respect to biodiversity, risk management and recreational value. By synthesising research studies, we provide an overview of current knowledge on how to combine wood production and other ecosystem services in mixed boreal forests in Fennoscandia. We addressed the following questions in more detail: what are the effects of mixed forests on soil properties, understorey vegetation, biodiversity, wildlife, resistance to and resilience against damage, forest productivity and the multiple use of forests? Furthermore, what are the silvicultural possibilities for establishing and managing mixed forests?Based on this review, mixed forests appear to provide a higher output of most ecosystem goods and services, including higher biodiversity and improved risk management, soil properties and multiple-use values. The most serious challenge is the browsing by cervids, which damages sapling stands. There is potential to establish single-storied mixed forests with current regeneration methods and material. Further research is particularly needed on the silvicultural practices suited for mixed boreal forests

Site types revisited : comparison of traditional Russian and Finnish classification systems for European Boreal forests

doi: 10.1111/avsc.12525Questions Forest classifications are tools used in research, monitoring, and management. In Finland, the Cajanderian forest site type classification is based on the composition of understorey vegetation with the assumption that it reflects in a predictable way the site's productive value. In Russia, the Sukachevian forest classification is similarly based on understorey vegetation but also accounts for tree species, soil wetness, and paludification. Here we ask whether Cajander's and Sukachev's forest types are effectively the same in terms of species composition, site productivity, and biodiversity. Location Boreal forests on mineral soils in Finland and the Russian part of Fennoscandia. Methods We use vegetation and soil survey data to compare the Cajanderian and the Sukachevian systems in terms of the understorey community composition (that is supposed to define them), soil fertility and tree productivity (that they are expected to indicate), and biodiversity (that is of interest for conservation purposes). We create and employ class prediction models to divide Russian and Finnish sites into Cajander's and Sukachev's types, respectively, based on vegetation composition. We perform cross-comparisons between the two systems by non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination and statistical tests. Results Within both systems, the site types formed similar, meaningful gradients in terms of the studied variables. Certain site types from the two systems were largely overlapping in community composition and arranged similarly along the fertility gradient and may thus be considered comparable. Conclusions The Cajanderian and the Sukachevian systems were both developed in the European boreal zone but differ in terms of the exact rules by which site types are determined. Our results show that analogous types between the systems can be identified. These findings aid in endeavours of technology and information transfer between Finnish and Russian forests for the purposes of basic or applied ecological research and forest management.Peer reviewe

The Fecal Viral Flora of Wild Rodents

The frequent interactions of rodents with humans make them a common source of zoonotic infections. To obtain an initial unbiased measure of the viral diversity in the enteric tract of wild rodents we sequenced partially purified, randomly amplified viral RNA and DNA in the feces of 105 wild rodents (mouse, vole, and rat) collected in California and Virginia. We identified in decreasing frequency sequences related to the mammalian viruses families Circoviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, Parvoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Adenoviridae, and Coronaviridae. Seventeen small circular DNA genomes containing one or two replicase genes distantly related to the Circoviridae representing several potentially new viral families were characterized. In the Picornaviridae family two new candidate genera as well as a close genetic relative of the human pathogen Aichi virus were characterized. Fragments of the first mouse sapelovirus and picobirnaviruses were identified and the first murine astrovirus genome was characterized. A mouse papillomavirus genome and fragments of a novel adenovirus and adenovirus-associated virus were also sequenced. The next largest fraction of the rodent fecal virome was related to insect viruses of the Densoviridae, Iridoviridae, Polydnaviridae, Dicistroviriade, Bromoviridae, and Virgaviridae families followed by plant virus-related sequences in the Nanoviridae, Geminiviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Secoviridae, Partitiviridae, Tymoviridae, Alphaflexiviridae, and Tombusviridae families reflecting the largely insect and plant rodent diet. Phylogenetic analyses of full and partial viral genomes therefore revealed many previously unreported viral species, genera, and families. The close genetic similarities noted between some rodent and human viruses might reflect past zoonoses. This study increases our understanding of the viral diversity in wild rodents and highlights the large number of still uncharacterized viruses in mammals

EUNIS Habitat Classification: Expert system, characteristic species combinations and distribution maps of European habitats

Aim: The EUNIS Habitat Classification is a widely used reference framework for European habitat types (habitats), but it lacks formal definitions of individual habitats that would enable their unequivocal identification. Our goal was to develop a tool for assigning vegetation‐plot records to the habitats of the EUNIS system, use it to classify a European vegetation‐plot database, and compile statistically‐derived characteristic species combinations and distribution maps for these habitats. Location: Europe. Methods: We developed the classification expert system EUNIS‐ESy, which contains definitions of individual EUNIS habitats based on their species composition and geographic location. Each habitat was formally defined as a formula in a computer language combining algebraic and set‐theoretic concepts with formal logical operators. We applied this expert system to classify 1,261,373 vegetation plots from the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) and other databases. Then we determined diagnostic, constant and dominant species for each habitat by calculating species‐to‐habitat fidelity and constancy (occurrence frequency) in the classified data set. Finally, we mapped the plot locations for each habitat. Results: Formal definitions were developed for 199 habitats at Level 3 of the EUNIS hierarchy, including 25 coastal, 18 wetland, 55 grassland, 43 shrubland, 46 forest and 12 man‐made habitats. The expert system classified 1,125,121 vegetation plots to these habitat groups and 73,188 to other habitats, while 63,064 plots remained unclassified or were classified to more than one habitat. Data on each habitat were summarized in factsheets containing habitat description, distribution map, corresponding syntaxa and characteristic species combination. Conclusions: EUNIS habitats were characterized for the first time in terms of their species composition and distribution, based on a classification of a European database of vegetation plots using the newly developed electronic expert system EUNIS‐ESy. The data provided and the expert system have considerable potential for future use in European nature conservation planning, monitoring and assessment