Trophic niche of an invasive generalist consumer : Australian redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, in the Inkomati River Basin, South Africa

This paper is dedicated to the memory of Olaf Weyl, who passed away whilst the manuscript was in preparation.Trophic niche analysis can be used to assess ecological opportunities available to alien species in areas of introduction that might aid their establishment, define their functional role and inform on their potential impacts. This study assessed the trophic niche utilized by an invasive population of the Australian redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, in the Inkomati River Basin, South Africa. It evaluated the hypothesis that the euryphagous feeding strategy of redclaw crayfish may allow it to shift its niche width and niche position by altering its feeding strategy in response to fluctuations in resource availability. Gut content and stable isotope analyses were used to determine trophic niche and trophic interactions. Redclaw crayfish were shown to be omnivores and their diet consisted mainly of algae, plant material and invertebrates. Small-sized individuals had a constricted niche width and fed primarily on invertebrates, whereas larger individuals expanded their niche width to include larger proportions of plant material. Crayfish caught from lotic environments had a higher proportion of invertebrates in their diet than crayfish from lentic environments, and the species exploited a wider niche in summer than in winter. These differences are likely related to differences in productivity amongst habitats and fluctuations in resource availability. There was significant niche overlap (>60%) between redclaw crayfish and Sidney’s river crab (Potamonautes sidneyi), but not with other native invertebrates. Both species are omnivores and have similar functional roles, possibly making redclaw crayfish functionally redundant in this ecosystem. Even though both species mainly feed on resources (plant material and invertebrates) that are not normally limiting, the redclaw crayfish invasion might be an accelerator of ecosystem processes such as shredding and decomposition rates of plant material. There is, therefore, a need for further studies to examine potentially altered ecosystem functions caused by redclaw crayfish invasion in the Inkomati River system.The DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, the South African Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (DFFE) and the National Research Foundation.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14429993am2023Zoology and Entomolog

Fuzzy min-max neural networks for categorical data: application to missing data imputation

The fuzzy min–max neural network classifier is a supervised learning method. This classifier takes the hybrid neural networks and fuzzy systems approach. All input variables in the network are required to correspond to continuously valued variables, and this can be a significant constraint in many real-world situations where there are not only quantitative but also categorical data. The usual way of dealing with this type of variables is to replace the categorical by numerical values and treat them as if they were continuously valued. But this method, implicitly defines a possibly unsuitable metric for the categories. A number of different procedures have been proposed to tackle the problem. In this article, we present a new method. The procedure extends the fuzzy min–max neural network input to categorical variables by introducing new fuzzy sets, a new operation, and a new architecture. This provides for greater flexibility and wider application. The proposed method is then applied to missing data imputation in voting intention polls. The micro data—the set of the respondents’ individual answers to the questions—of this type of poll are especially suited for evaluating the method since they include a large number of numerical and categorical attributes

Feature selection for automatic analysis of emotional response based on nonlinear speech modeling suitable for diagnosis of Alzheimer׳s disease

Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia among the elderly. This work is part of a larger study that aims to identify novel technologies and biomarkers or features for the early detection of AD and its degree of severity. The diagnosis is made by analyzing several biomarkers and conducting a variety of tests (although only a post-mortem examination of the patients’ brain tissue is considered to provide definitive confirmation). Non-invasive intelligent diagnosis techniques would be a very valuable diagnostic aid. This paper concerns the Automatic Analysis of Emotional Response (AAER) in spontaneous speech based on classical and new emotional speech features: Emotional Temperature (ET) and fractal dimension (FD). This is a pre-clinical study aiming to validate tests and biomarkers for future diagnostic use. The method has the great advantage of being non-invasive, low cost, and without any side effects. The AAER shows very promising results for the definition of features useful in the early diagnosis of AD

Subcellular organization of N2-fixing nodules of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) supplied with silicon.

Provision of silicon (0, 0.048, 0.096, 0.24, 0.48, and 0.96 g/1) in the form of silicic acid (H4SiO4) to nodulated cowpea plants(Vignia unguiculata [L.] Walp.) grown in liquid culture resulted in considerable changes in the internal organization of nodule structure. Compared to the control plants which received no added silicate, bacteroid numbers increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) at silicate concentrations of both 0.096 and 0.48 g/1. The number of symbiosomes also increased by 3.2-fold at the silicate concentration of 0.96 g/1 compared to the control. In contrast, the size of bacteroids and symbiosomes decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inside nodules of silicate-treated plants. The peribacteroid space was also decreased considerably (P ≤ 0.05) with the application of 0.096 and 0.96 g of silicate per liter to plants. However, the size of intercellular spaces adjacent to infected and uninfected interstitial cells within the nodule medulla increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) at 0.096 g of silicate per liter followed by a sharply marked (P ≤ 0.05) decrease with each subsequent increase in silicate application. The result was a large decrease (P≤0.05) in the area of bacteria-infected tissue occupied by intercellular space at the highest silicate concentration, which was caused by a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in cell wall thickness. Our findings show that the positive effects of silicon on N2 fixation might actually be due to an increased number of bacteroids and symbiosomes

Youth Motor Competence Promotion Model: A Quantitative Investigation into Modifiable Factors

Objectives: This study aimed to quantify the relationships between enabling, predisposing and reinforcing ecological factors on motor competence and investigate potential sex, weight status, and school level differences. Methods: Data were collected from 429 children (52% boys; aged 11.1±0.6 years; 87% white British). Cardiorespiratory fitness (20m Multistage Shuttle Run), muscular strength (Handgrip Strength) and online questionnaire (Child Health and Activity Tool; CHAT) data on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sport participation and available surrounding physical activity facilities were included as enabling variables. Three predisposing variables were determined from self-report data on benefits/barriers to exercise, adequacy, and predilection. Parental/guardian physical activity levels and persons whom participate in physical activity and sport with the participant (CHAT) were selected as reinforcing variables. Motor competence was determined from cumulative scores for Dragon Challenge tasks (Balance Bench, Core Agility, Wobble Spot, Overarm Throw, Basketball Dribble, Catch, Jumping Patterns, T-Agility, Sprint). Confirmatory Factor Analysis assessed the fit of measured variables into latent factors. Structural equation modelling evaluated relationships between these latent factors. Results: Motor competence was directly affected by the enabling factor (β=0.50, p0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that enabling factors are crucial for the development of motor competence. This is the first study to quantify an ecological model with motor competence as the endogenous variable and is key to future interventions

Overall approaches and experiences of first-time participants in the Nuclear Forensics International Technical Working Group’s Fourth Collaborative Material Exercise (CMX-4)

The Fourth Collaborative Material Exercise (CMX-4) of the Nuclear Forensics International Technical Working Group (ITWG) registered the largest participation for this exercise in nuclear forensics, with seven of the 17 laboratories participating for the first time. Each of the laboratories had their strategic role to play in its respective country, analyzing real-world samples using their in-house resources. The scenario was fictitious but was thoughtfully crafted to engage participants in nuclear forensic investigations. In this paper, participants from five of the first-time laboratories shared their individual experience in this exercise, from preparation to analysis of samples