928 research outputs found
A genomic view on the adaptation and diversification of natural populations
Earlier studies in evolutionary genetics focused on a few model organisms such as
fruit flies or mice that are limited when it comes to answering evolutionary and
ecological questions. In contrast, genetic studies of natural populations have now
become common and can provide a more realistic understanding of how natural
selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow shape the patterns of phenotypic
and genetic diversity, as well as adaptation and diversification across a range of
environmental conditions. This dissertation illustrates how current genomic tools
can be effectively used to (1) study the evolutionary history of species along altitudinal
gradients, and (2) understand the genetic basis of adaptive phenotypes in populations
inhabiting high-altitude habitats. In the first research paper, we compared
whole-genome resequencing data of Eastern honey bee (Apis cerana) populations
from high and low altitudes in southwestern China. We identified several regions of
the genome that appeared to have been under positive selection in highland bee
populations. Candidate loci in these genomic regions included genes related to reproduction
and feeding behavior. In the second paper, we generated a transcriptome
reference for the Neotropical frogs of the genus Oreobates by sequencing RNA
from one individual of the La Paz robber frog (Oreobates cruralis). In the third
paper, we used that transcriptome to selectively target and enrich ~18,000 genes
across species of Oreobates collected along the Andean Mountains, in South America.
We found that highland species have smaller effective populations and accumulate
nonsynonymous mutations faster than species sampled at lower altitudes. These
mutations can be targeted by natural selection and contribute to the adaptation and
differentiation of populations in mountain environments. In the fourth and final
paper, we pointed out that genomics has to be integrated with other sources of evidence
to understand evolutionary and ecological processes more deeply than was
thought in the past
Virus taxonomy: the database of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is charged with the task of developing, refining, and maintaining a universal virus taxonomy. This task encompasses the classification of virus species and higher-level taxa according to the genetic and biological properties of their members; naming virus taxa; maintaining a database detailing the currently approved taxonomy; and providing the database, supporting proposals, and other virus-related information from an open-access, public web site. The ICTV web site (http://ictv.global) provides access to the current taxonomy database in online and downloadable formats, and maintains a complete history of virus taxa back to the first release in 1971. The ICTV has also published the ICTV Report on Virus Taxonomy starting in 1971. This Report provides a comprehensive description of all virus taxa covering virus structure, genome structure, biology and phylogenetics. The ninth ICTV report, published in 2012, is available as an open-access online publication from the ICTV web site. The current, 10th report (http://ictv.global/report/), is being published online, and is replacing the previous hard-copy edition with a completely open access, continuously updated publication. No other database or resource exists that provides such a comprehensive, fully annotated compendium of information on virus taxa and taxonomy
Suppression Subtractive Hybridization PCR Isolation of cDNAs from a Caribbean Soft Coral
Transcriptomic studies of marine organisms are still in their infancy. A partial, subtracted expressed sequence tag (EST) library of the Caribbean octocoral Erythropodium caribaeorum and the sea fan Gorgonia ventalina has been analyzed in order to find novel genes or differences in gene expression related to potential secondary metabolite production or symbioses. This approach entails enrichment for potential non- housekeeping genes using the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. More than 500 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated after cloning SSH products, which yielded at least 53 orthologous groups of proteins (COGs) and Pfam clusters, including transcription factors (Drosophila Big Brother), catalases, reverse transcriptases, ferritins and various hypothetical protein sequences. A total of 591 EST sequences were deposited into GenBank [dbEST: FL512138 - FL512331, and GH611838]. The results represent proof of concept for enrichment of unique transcripts over housekeeping genes, such as actin or ribosomal genes, which comprised approximately 17% of the total dataset. Due to the gene and sequence diversity of some ESTs, such sequences can find utility as molecular markers in current and future studies of this species and other soft coral biogeography, chemical ecology, phylogenetics, and evolution
Phylemon: a suite of web tools for molecular evolution, phylogenetics and phylogenomics
Phylemon is an online platform for phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of molecular sequence data. It has been developed as a web server that integrates a suite of different tools selected among the most popular stand-alone programs in phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis. It has been conceived as a natural response to the increasing demand of data analysis of many experimental scientists wishing to add a molecular evolution and phylogenetics insight into their research. Tools included in Phylemon cover a wide yet selected range of programs: from the most basic for multiple sequence alignment to elaborate statistical methods of phylogenetic reconstruction including methods for evolutionary rates analyses and molecular adaptation. Phylemon has several features that differentiates it from other resources: (i) It offers an integrated environment that enables the direct concatenation of evolutionary analyses, the storage of results and handles required data format conversions, (ii) Once an outfile is produced, Phylemon suggests the next possible analyses, thus guiding the user and facilitating the integration of multi-step analyses, and (iii) users can define and save complete pipelines for specific phylogenetic analysis to be automatically used on many genes in subsequent sessions or multiple genes in a single session (phylogenomics). The Phylemon web server is available at http://phylemon.bioinfo.cipf.es
11th Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology 2003 (ISMB 2003)
This report profiles the keynote talks given at ISMB03 in Brisbane, Australia by Ron Shamir, David Haussler, John Mattick, Yoshihide Hayashizaki, Sydney Brenner, the
Overton Prize winner, Jim Kent, and the ISCB Senior Accomplishment Awardee,
David Sankov
Recommended from our members
A New Green Salamander in the Southern Appalachians: Evolutionary History of Aneides aeneus and Implications for Management and Conservation with the Description of a Cryptic Micro-endemic Species (vol 107, pg 748, 2019)
Proceedings of the international workshop on Ribosomal RNA technology, April 7–9, 2008, Bremen, Germany
Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Systematic and Applied Microbiology 31 (2008): 258-268, doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2008.08.004.Thirty years have passed since Carl Woese proposed three primary domains of life based on the phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal RNA genes. Adopted by researchers worldwide, ribosomal RNA has become the “gold-standard” for molecular taxonomy, biodiversity analysis and the identification of microorganisms. The more than 700,000 rRNA sequences in public databases constitute an unprecedented hallmark of the richness of microbial biodiversity on earth. The International Workshop on Ribosomal RNA Technology convened on April 7-9, 2008 in Bremen, Germany (http://www.arb-silva.de/rrna-workshop) to summarize the current status of the field and strategize on the best ways of proceeding on both biological and technological fronts. In five sessions, 26 leading international speakers and ~120 participants representing diverse disciplines discussed new technological approaches to address three basic ecological questions: “Who is out there?” “How many are there?” and “What are they doing?”The workshop was a joint collaborative effort of the Max Planck Institute in Bremen and the Ribocon GmbH Bremen, the Technical University Munich, the International Census of Marine Microbes (ICoMM) and the European Census of Marine Life (EuroCoML). The workshop was further sponsored by the Operon and BioCat biotechnology companies
Phylogenomic and population genomic insights on the evolutionary history of coffee leaf rust within the rust fungi
Tese de doutoramento, Biologia e Ecologia das Alterações Globais (Biologia do Genoma e Evolução), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2018Fungi are currently responsible for more than 30% of the emerging diseases worldwide and rust fungi (Pucciniales, Basidiomycota) are one of the most destructive groups of plant pathogens. In this thesis, two genomic approaches were pursued to further our knowledge on these pathogenic fungi at the macro-evolutionary level, using phylogenomics, and micro-evolutionary level, using population genomics. At the macro-evolutionary level, a phylogenomics pipeline was developed with the aim of investigating the role of positive selection on the origin of the rusts, particularly related to their obligate biotrophic life-style and pathogenicity. With up to 30% of the ca. 1000 screened genes showing a signal of positive selection, these results revealed a pervasive role of natural selection on the origin of this fungal group, with an enrichment of functional classes involved in nutrient uptake and secondary metabolites. Furthermore, positive selection was detected on conserved amino acid sites revealing an unexpected but potentially important role of natural selection on codon usage preferences. At the micro-evolutionary level, the focus was shifted to the coffee rust, Hemileia vastatrix, which is the causal agent of leaf rust disease and the main threat to Arabic coffee production worldwide. Using RAD sequencing to produce thousands of informative SNPs for a broad and unique sampling of this species, the aim was to investigate its evolutionary history and translate population genomic insights into recommendations for disease control. The results of this work overturned most of the preconceptions about the pathogen by revealing that instead of a single unstructured and large population, H. vastatrix is most likely a complex of cryptic species with marked host specialization. Moreover, genomic signatures of hybridization and introgression occurring between these lineages were uncovered, raising the possibility that virulence factors may be quickly exchanged. The most recent “domesticated” lineage infects exclusively the most important coffee species and SNP linkage analyses revealed the presence of recombination among isolates that were previously thought to be clonal. Altogether, these results considerably raise the evolutionary potential of this pathogen to overcome disease control measures in coffee crops. To undertake most of the tasks in this project, a new computational application called TriFusion was developed to streamline the gathering, processing and visualization of big genomic data
An Introduction to Programming for Bioscientists: A Python-based Primer
Computing has revolutionized the biological sciences over the past several
decades, such that virtually all contemporary research in the biosciences
utilizes computer programs. The computational advances have come on many
fronts, spurred by fundamental developments in hardware, software, and
algorithms. These advances have influenced, and even engendered, a phenomenal
array of bioscience fields, including molecular evolution and bioinformatics;
genome-, proteome-, transcriptome- and metabolome-wide experimental studies;
structural genomics; and atomistic simulations of cellular-scale molecular
assemblies as large as ribosomes and intact viruses. In short, much of
post-genomic biology is increasingly becoming a form of computational biology.
The ability to design and write computer programs is among the most
indispensable skills that a modern researcher can cultivate. Python has become
a popular programming language in the biosciences, largely because (i) its
straightforward semantics and clean syntax make it a readily accessible first
language; (ii) it is expressive and well-suited to object-oriented programming,
as well as other modern paradigms; and (iii) the many available libraries and
third-party toolkits extend the functionality of the core language into
virtually every biological domain (sequence and structure analyses,
phylogenomics, workflow management systems, etc.). This primer offers a basic
introduction to coding, via Python, and it includes concrete examples and
exercises to illustrate the language's usage and capabilities; the main text
culminates with a final project in structural bioinformatics. A suite of
Supplemental Chapters is also provided. Starting with basic concepts, such as
that of a 'variable', the Chapters methodically advance the reader to the point
of writing a graphical user interface to compute the Hamming distance between
two DNA sequences.Comment: 65 pages total, including 45 pages text, 3 figures, 4 tables,
numerous exercises, and 19 pages of Supporting Information; currently in
press at PLOS Computational Biolog
- …