The Effect of Maternal Work Conditions on Child Development

This study goes beyond the much-studied impact of mothers' labor force participation on children's development and investigates how mothers' working environment affects children's cognitive and non-cognitive performance. Using data from the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the Occupational Information Network and applying a value added plus specification we find a negative impact of the hazards involved in mothers' jobs on their children’s non-cognitive achievement, but not on their cognitive performance. Nevertheless, stratification according to mothers' verbal skills reveals that only the personality development of children of mothers with high verbal skills is affected. Upon further investigation,we find that a possible mechanism through which maternal work conditions affect child outcomes is through reduced mother-child interactionsChild Development, Maternal Labor Supply, Occupational Disamenities

Wages and work conditions as determinants for physicians’ work decisions

It is not uncommon that publicly employed physicians also have income from work outside the hospital, often termed moonlighting. There is little empirical evidence of such activity. In this paper we investigate which factors that may influence physicians’ choice of work between the public hospital sector and elsewhere. An exceptionally high wage increase in 1996 for one group of hospital physicians (assistant physicians) serves as a natural experiment, and we analyse whether wages in general and this reform in particular have affected physicians’ external earnings. For assistant physicians we find that higher wages at public hospitals affect negatively both the decisions to earn income externally, and level of income once active. For consultant physicians, on the other hand, there was no such response to the wage increase. Several hospital specific factors representing job specific work characteristics also matter for physicians’ decisions to moonlight.Physicians; wages; job characteristics; moonlighting; panel data.

Work Conditions for hot machining

In turning steels by means of the hot machining technique, the machinability varies remarkably with the room temperature, and hence tool material, depth of cut, feed and cutting speed should be changed also with the temperature. The edg e temperature of the tool during the ordinary machining is about 550℃, while it reaches even to 1200℃ in the hot machining. Therefore, the author carried out the investigation on the work conditions for hot machining with a carbon steel (0.26%) and a Carbide tool.The results of the present experiment may by summarised as follows;-- 1. In the hot machining the cutting force becomes very small when the work piece attained the temperatures above 600℃. 2. At constant cutting area, the cutting force is decreased with the feed. 3. For hot machining, a low cutting speed is necessary. 4. The cutting power is decreased below 1/3 as compared with that in the ordinary machining.高温に於ける鋼の被削性は室温に於ける場合とは著しく異り，切削の際の切屑の発生の状態も異なった様相を呈してくる。従って刃物に作用する切削カ，及び機械の切削動力並びに切込，送り， 切削面積等の諸因子が加熱温度と密接な関係を有してくる一方，室温に於いて鋼を切削する場合， 刃物の刃先に生ずる切削熱は，高速度鋼製刃物による標準切削速度に於いては，凡そ5500℃位迄であるが，高温切削に於いては刃先の温度は，切削熱の外に加熱温度の影響を受けて著しく高温に達する。従って刃物の材質及び機械の回転速度には，此の点より必然的に或る制約が出来る事となる。本研究は高温切削に於けるこれらの特性を明かにし，切削能率に及ぼす影響を究めたものである

Health and work conditions in older workers

Introducción: En los últimos años, la población española ha experimentado un crecimiento acelerado de personas mayores. Las previsiones demográficas a corto-medio plazo describen un importante predominio de trabajadores mayores en el mercado laboral. Objetivos: Identificar las diferencias según dos grupos de edad (<55 años y ≥55 años) en la percepción de las condiciones de trabajo y salud de la población trabajadora española. Metodología: Las diferencias entre los dos grupos de edad se analizaron a partir de indicadores de condiciones de trabajo y de salud pertenecientes a la VII Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo del Instituto de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo (VII_ENCT). El análisis consistió en el cálculo de las prevalencias y la odds ratio cruda-ORc y ajustada por sexo con su correspondiente intervalo del confianza al 95% Resultados: El grupo de trabajadores más jóvenes presentan más riesgo de exposición a seis de los siete indicadores relacionados con las condiciones de trabajo (ruido, vibraciones, carga física, carga mental, autonomía y motivación). No obstante los trabajadores mayores tienen una peor percepción de su estado de salud (ORa= 2,06 [1,75-2,42]) y presentan en mayor medida problemas de salud que si bien les conducen a la visita médica más frecuentemente los relacionan menos con su actividad laboral. Conclusiones: A tenor de los resultados, los trabajadores de 55 años y más refieren tener menos quejas respecto a sus condiciones laborales e incluso se sienten más autónomos y motivados. Es el deterioro físico y mental la principal limitación que encuentran estos trabajadores a la hora de ejercer sus tareas. Sería recomendable establecer políticas de promoción de la salud dentro de las empresas para mejorar los indicadores de salud y promover el envejecimiento activo de la población trabajadora española.Introduction: In recent years, Spain’s population has aged rapidly. Short and middle-term demographic forecasts describe a predominance of older workers in the labor market. Objectives: To identify differences between two age groups (under 55 and aged 55 and over) in the perception of working conditions and health of the Spanish working population. Methodology: The differences between the two age groups were analyzed from work and health indicators belonging to the VII National Survey on Working Conditions, made by the Institute for Safety and Health at Work (VII_ENCT). The analysis consisted of calculating the prevalence and odds ratio raw and adjusted pro sex ratio- with its corresponding confidence interval of 95. Results: The group of younger workers have showed a higher risk in six out of the seven indicators analyzed concerning working conditions (noise, vibration, physical and mental stress, autonomy and motivation). However, older workers have poorer perception of their health status (a OR = 2.06 [1.75 to 2.42]) and they have more health problems than younger workers, although less related to the working conditions. Conclusions: According to the results, workers aged 55 and older report having fewer complaints about their working conditions and even feel more autonomous and motivated. The physical and mental deterioration is the main handicap for these workers when exercising their tasks. It would be advisable to establish policies to promote health within companies to improve health indicators and also to promote active aging in the Spanish working population

Work conditions and occupational morbidity in Latvia

Copyright: Copyright 2012 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.The aim of study was to analyse work conditions and occupational morbidity in Latvia during a 15-year period for recommendations to employment policy programmes. The study included the analysis of the database of occupational risk factor measurements in more than 7000 enterprises and companies performed in period 1995-2010 by the Laboratory of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases of the Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health of Riga Stradins University. The analysis of registered occupational diseases according to the data from the Latvian State Registry of Occupational diseases run by the Centre of Occupational and Radiation Medicine of Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital for the same period was performed. Occupational diseases in Latvia are diagnosed and coded in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases. Results of measurements showed that for one third of measured occupational risk factors values exceeded recommended limits. The traditional work risk factors (chemical, physical, biological etc.) have been partly replaced by new risks (ergonomic and psychosocial factors). The results of the study indicated that the following enterprises form a major risk group of non-compliance with legislation regarding occupational health and safety: small enterprises; enterprises of private and non-governmental sectors; enterprises of different industries (construction, metal processing and wood processing). The number of firstly diagnosed occupational diseases and patients has gradually increased. The total number of firstly diagnosed and registered occupational patients per 100,000 employees was 11.2 in 1995 and 140.5 in 2009. The structure of occupational diseases shows musculoskeletal diseases (46.1%) as the leading group of diseases followed by diseases of the nervous system and organs of sense (29.3%), traumatic disorders and intoxications (11.7%).publishersversionPeer reviewe

Work Conditions and Tasks of School Counsellor

The main aim of the research was to become acquainted with the conditions of work and the tasks of the school counsellor resulting from the psychological and pedagogical help performed at educational facilities. The following two methods were used to obtain the research material: the diagnostic survey and assessment. The results of quantitative analyses were classified into the following areas: the conditions of work, the school counsellor’s duties, the forms of pedagogical help in their work with the students, parents and teachers, the factors that influence the school counsellor’s model of work and individual features important in the profession of school counsellor. The mentioned analyses indicate that the contemporary counsellor is mainly a woman (the profession is feminised), with higher education, systematically improving and supplementing their knowledge so as to perform the tasks set by the pedagogical supervision and family, school and local environment. Thanks to adequate professional preparation and application of a wide range of forms of help for the students, teacher and parents, the school counsellor constitutes a significant link of psychological and pedagogical help performed at the educational facilities

Mexican-Origin Parents’ Work Conditions and Adolescents’ Adjustment

Mexican-origin parents’ work experiences are a distal extra-familial context for adolescents’ adjustment. This two-wave multi-informant study examined the prospective mechanisms linking parents’ work conditions (i.e., self-direction, work pressure, workplace discrimination) to adolescents’ adjustment (i.e., educational expectations, depressive symptoms, risky behavior) across the transition to high school drawing on work socialization and spillover models. We examined the indirect effects of parental work conditions on adolescent adjustment through parents’ psychological functioning (i.e., depressive symptoms, role overload) and aspects of the parent-adolescent relationship (i.e., parental solicitation, parent-adolescent conflict), as well as moderation by adolescent gender. Participants were 246 predominantly immigrant, Mexican-origin, two-parent families who participated in home interviews when adolescents were approximately 13 and 15 years of age. Results supported the positive impact of fathers’ occupational self-direction on all three aspects of adolescents’ adjustment through decreased father-adolescent conflict, after controlling for family socioeconomic status and earner status, and underemployment. Parental work pressure and discrimination were indirectly linked to adolescents’ adjustment, with different mechanisms emerging for mothers and fathers. Adolescents’ gender moderated the associations between fathers’ self-direction and girls’ depressive symptoms, and fathers’ experiences of discrimination and boys’ risk behavior. Results suggest that Mexican-origin mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of work conditions have important implications for multiple domains of adolescents’ adjustment across the transition to high school

The Suggestion of the Work Conditions in the Company

Diplomová práce je zaměřena na oblast pracovních podmínek ve zvoleném podniku, zejména na bezpečnost a ochranu zdraví při práci. Cílem práce je analýza současného stavu pracovních podmínek ve společnosti a vytvoření návrhu na odstranění případných nedostatků, který povede ke zlepšení současného stavu a bude pro společnost akceptovatelný.Master's thesis is focused on work conditions area in selected company, especially on occupational health and safety. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze work conditions, which are in the company nowadays, and to create suggestion, which should lead to the correction of eventual gaps. This correction should lead to the improvement of the work conditions in the company, and should be also acceptable for the company.

Relationship between menstruation status and work conditions in Japan

Background:Menstrual problems can significantly impact daily and work life. In reaction to a shrinking population, the Japanese government is encouraging more women to participate in the labor force. Actual success in achieving this aim, however, is limited. Specifically, participation in the workforce by women during their reproductive years is impacted by their health, which involves not only work conditions, but also traditional family circumstances. Therefore, it is important to further assess and gather more information about the health status of women who work during their reproductive years in Japan. Specifically, women’s health can be represented by menstruation status, which is a pivotal indicator. In this study, we assessed the association between short rest periods in work intervals and menstruation and other health status indicators among female workers in Japan.Methods:Study participants were recruited from the alumnae of a university, which provided a uniform educational level. All 9864 female alumnae were asked to join the survey and 1630 (17%) accepted. The final sample of study participants (n = 505) were aged 23–43 years, had maintained the same job status for at least 1 year, and were not shift workers, had no maternal status, and did not lack any related information. The participants were divided into two groups according to interval time, with 11 h between end of work and resumption of daily work as a benchmark. This interval time was based on EU regulations and the goal set by the government of Japan. Health outcomes included: menstrual cycle, dysmenorrhoea symptoms, anxiety regarding health, and satisfaction in terms of health. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for health indexes in association with interval time by adjusting for confounding variables that included both psychosocial and biological factors.Results:We compared the health status of women in the workforce with and without a sufficient interval time of 11 h/day. Workers who had a short interval time had a significantly higher prevalence of anxiety about health and dissatisfaction with their health. For menstruation status, only abnormal menstruation cycles were observed more often among workers in the short interval group than those of the long interval group. However, this association disappeared when biological confounding factors were adjusted in a multivariable regression model. Dysmenorrhea symptoms did not show a statistically significant association with short interval time.Conclusions:This study found a significant association between a short interval time of less than 11 h/day and subjective health indicators and the menstrual health status of women in the workforce. Menstrual health was more affected by biological factors than social psychological factors. A long work time and short interval time could increase worker anxiety and dissatisfaction and may deteriorate the menstrual cycle