The using levels of the teaching methods and techniques by teachers

AbstractThis study aims to determine the teaching strategies, methods and techniques teachers use in Science and Technology classes and what they lack in this issue. 95 teachers, 45 of whom are science teachers and 50 of whom are primary school teachers, were subjected to a survey, and 33 teachers were interviewed orally. It was revealed that the teachers don’t have sufficient knowledge about teaching strategies, methods and techniques and that they can’t distinguish between these concepts. It was seen that the teachers use explanation and question-answer methods more often even though they know that the best technique is the experiment technique and they seldom get their students to carry out experiments. It was concluded that the teachers who don’t exploit various methods despite knowing their advantages need in-service trainings.

Neonatal Episodic Hypoglycemia: A Finding of Valproic Acid Withdrawal

The treatment of epilepsy during pregnancy is a worldwide problem. Drugs need to be used to control seizures in the mothers. In utero, exposure to valproic acid (VPA) and phenytoin (PH) may cause congenital malformations and also withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, jitteriness and symptoms of hypoglycemia. We present here a newborn with episodic hypoglycemia due to in utero exposure to VPA and PH. The mother was diagnosed as having complex partial epilepsy and was treated with PH (200 mg/day) and VPA (600 mg/day). The offspring developed jitteriness on the second day of life. The infant was hypoglycemic (32 mg/dl). These findings were accepted as withdrawal symptoms, since serum levels of VPA and PH were 37.8 μg/ml (50−100 μg/ml) and 6.37 μg/dl (10−20 μg/ml), respectively. Measurement of blood glucose is important and should be carefully monitored in infants exposed to antiepileptics in utero

Comparison of the Different Dyspnea Scales in Patients with Complaints of Dyspnea

Giriş: Kronik Obstrüktif Akciğer Hastalığı (KOAH)'nda dispne semptomunun doğru olarak tanımlanması tıbbi tedavinin planlanması veetkili bakımın verilmesinde önemli bir unsurdur. Amaç: Bu çalışma, KOAH'lı hastalarda dispnenin şiddetinin değerlendirilmesindeModifiye Borg Skalası (MBS), Medical Research Council Scale (MRCS) ve Görsel Kıyaslama Ölçeği (GKÖ)'ni karşılaştırmak ve ölçeklerinklinik kullanımını değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Araştırmanın örneklemini, Zonguldak Uzunmehmet Göğüs ve MeslekHastalıkları Hastanesi'nde KOAH tanısı alan, olasılıksız örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen ve araştırmayı katılmayı kabul eden 50 hastaoluşturdu. Hastaların solunum fonksiyon testleri, arteriyel kan gazı analizleri yapıldı ve üç farklı dispne ölçeği ile dispne şiddetlerisorgulandı. Bulgular: Hastaların dispne şiddetleri; MBS ortalaması 4.20 ± 2.10, MRCS ortalaması 2.48 ± 1.05, GKÖ ortalaması ise 5.30 ±2.79 olarak saptandı. Solunum fonksiyon testi parametrelerinden FEV1/FVC değeri ile MBS (r = -.42, p = .002) ve GKÖ (r = -.34, p = .016),FEV1% değeri ile MRCS (r = -.31, p = .025) arasında, kan gazı analizi parametrelerinden PaO2 değeri ile MBS (r = -.47, p = .000), GKÖ (r= -.49, p = .000), MRCS (r = -.46, p = .001), SaO2 değeri ile MBS (r = -.46, p = .001), GKÖ (r = -.45, p = .001) ve MRCS (r = -.45, p = .001)arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulundu. MBS, MRCS ve GKÖ'nin birbirleriyle güçlü derecede ilişkili olduğu saptandı. Sonuç: Günümüzdedispne şiddetini saptamak için en sık kullanılan; MBS, MRCS ve GKÖ birbirleriyle ilişkili ölçeklerdir. Background: Accurate identification of the symptom of dyspnea in the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is curicial inplanning of medical treatment and delivering of effective care. Objectives: Our aims were to compare the Modifiye Borg Scale (MBS),Medical Research Council Scale (MRCS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) in the assessment of the severity of dyspnea in patients withCOPD and to evaluate clinic utilization of these scales. Methods: The sample of the study consisted of 50 patients with COPD who are inZonguldak Uzunmehmet Chest and Occupational Diseases Hospital, who are selected by random sampling, and who agreed to participate inthe study. The patient's pulmonary function tests and arterial blood gas analysis has been performed and their dyspnea severity has beenevaluated using three different dyspnea scales. Results: The mean dyspnea severities measured by MBS, MRCS and VAS were 4.20 ± 2.10,2.48 ± 1.05, 5.30 ± 2.79 respectively. There was significant correlation the value of FEV1/FVC which is the parameters of pulmonaryfunction tests with MBS (r = -.42, p = .002) and VAS (r = -.34, p = .016); FEV1% and MRCS (r = -.31, p = .025); PaO2 which is theparameters of arterial blood gas analysis with MBS (r = -.47, p = .000), VAS (r = -.49, p = .000), MRCS (r = -.46, p = .001); SaO2 with thevalue of MBS (r = -.46, p = .001), VAS (r = -.45, p = .001) and MRCS (r = -.45, p = .001). It was found that MBS, MRCS and VAS werestrongly correlated with each other. Conclusion: Today, the most commonly used to determine the severity of dyspnea, MBS, MRCS andVAS scales are related scales to each other

Geçici Hiperglisemi anında Sevofluran ve Desfluranın Eritrosit Deformabilitesi Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Aim: Micro and macrovascular complications due to long-term hyperglycemia are associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Erythrocytes exposed to hyperglycemia for a long time may cause morphological changes in erythrocytes such as decreased deformability and development of aggregation. As a result, complications such as shortening life span of erythrocytes, impairment of oxygen carrying capacity, tissue hypoxia may occur. In our study, we would like to investigate the effects of Sevoflurane and Desflurane on erythrocyte deformability during transient hyperglycemia. Materials and Methods: In this study, 30 male Wistar albino rats were used. The animals were randomly divided into five groups, each contained 6 rats: Diabetic control (group DC), diabetic hyperglycemia group (group DH), diabetic hyperglycemia group with desflurane (group DH-D), and diabetic hyperglycemia group with sevoflurane (group DH-S) groups. Another 6 rats without diabetes were assigned as control group (group C). Streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats were kept 6 weeks, then transient hyperglycemia was created, and the administration of sevoflurane and desflurane were performed. After 24 hours blood samples were obtained and deformability measurements were performed in erythrocyte suspensions containing Htc 5% in a PBS buffer. Results: Diabetes mellitus was found to increase relative resistance in the control group (p <0.0001). Acute hyperglycemia increased relative resistance in diabetes control, relatively. Group DH, Group DH-D and Group DH-S deformability index were significantly different when compared to Group DC (p=0.007, p=0.025, p=0.016, respectively). It was found that administration of desflurane or sevoflurane did not alter erythrocyte deformability during acute hyperglycemia (p = 0.591, p = 0.739). Conclusion: As a consequence, we think that we can safely use inhalation anesthetics such as Desflurane and Sevoflurane during acute hyperglycemia attacks. But, it needs further investigation as both experimental and clinicalAmaç: Uzun süreli hipergliseminin oluşturduğu mikro ve makrovasküler komplikasyonlar mortalite ve morbidite artışı ile birliktedir. Eritrositlerin ise yaşam süreleri boyunca uzun süre hiperglisemiye maruz kalmaları morfolojik olarak eritrositlerde deformabilitede azalma ve agregasyon gelişmesi gibi bir takım değişikliklere neden olmaktadır. Bunun sonucunda eritrositlerin yaşam sürelerinde kısalma, oksijen taşıma kapasitesinde bozukluk, doku hipoksisi gibi komplikasyonlar meydana gelmektedir. Sevofluran ve desfluranın ise eritrosit deformabilitesi üzerine etkileri ile ilgili çeşitli çalışmalar mevcuttur. Biz de bu çalışmamızda geçici olarak oluşturulan hiperglisemi sırasında sevofluran ve desfluranın eritrosit deformabilitesi üzerine etkilerini araştırmayı amaçladık. Yöntem: Çalışma Gazi Üniversitesi Deneysel ve Klinik Araştırma Merkezi'nde Gazi Üniversitesi Deney Hayvanları Etik Kurulu onayı ile yapıldı. Çalışmaya 30 rat dahil edildi. Ratlar; kontrol grubu, diyabetik-kontrol, diyabetik hiperglisemi, diyabetik–hiperglisemi-sevofluran, diyabetik-hiperglisemi- desfluran olmak üzere 5 gruba ayrıldı. Streptozosin ile diyabet oluşturulan ratlar 6 hafta yaşatıldıktan sonra geçici hipergilisemi oluşturuldu ve sevofluran ve desfluran anestezisi uygulandı. 24 saat sonra kan örnekleri alındı ve santrifüj edildi. Eritrosit deformabilitesi sabit akım filtrometre sistemleri kullanılarak ölçüldü. Rölatif rezistansının artması eritrosit deformabilitesinin azalması olarak yorumlandı. Bulgular: Diyabet oluşturulmasının kontrol grubuna göre rölatif rezistansı arttırdığı bulundu (p<0.0001). Akut hiperglisemi, diyabet kontrol grubuna göre rölatif rezistansı arttırdı. Grup DH, Grup DH-D ve Grup DH-S deformabilite indeksi Grup DK ile karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı olarak farklı bulundu (p=0.007, p=0.025, p=0.016). Akut hiperglisemi sırasında Desfluran veya Sevofluran uygulanmasının ise eritrosit deformabilitesini değiştirmediği tespit edildi (p=0.591, p=0.739). Sonuç: Sevofluran ve Desfluran gibi inhalasyon ajanların akut hiperglisemi sırasında güvenle kullanılabileceğini düşünmekteyiz. Ancak bu bulguların daha detaylı ve geniş serilerde yapılacak klinik ve deneysel çalışmalarla desteklenmesi gerekmektedir

Investigation on malondialdehyde, s100b and advanced oxidation protein product levels in significant hyperbilirubinemia and the effect of intensive phototherapy on these parameter

Background: The parameters of oxidative stress [advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), malondialdehyde (MDA), and S100B] and the effect of intensive phototherapy (PT) on these parameters have not been studied extensively in newborns with significant hyperbilirubinemia (SH). We aimed to measure the levels of MDA, S100B, and AOPPs in newborns with SH, and to compare newborns with healthy control newborns without hyperbilirubinemia on the basis of these parameters of oxidative stress. In addition, we investigated the effect of intensive PT on these parameters during the treatment of SH and report our findings for the first time in the literature. Methods: The study was performed in newborns (n = 62) who underwent intensive PT because of SH. Newborns without jaundice constituted the control group (n = 30). Both groups were compared with respect to demographic characteristics and biochemical (laboratory) parameters including MDA, AOPPs, and S100B. MDA, AOPPs, and S100B were also compared before and after intensive PT in the PT group. In the study group, a correlation analysis of demographic characteristics; MDA, AOPP, and S100B values; and changes occurring in MDA, AOPPs, and S100B values due to the effect of intensive PT was performed. Results: Serum total bilirubin, S100B, and MDA levels in the PT group before performing PT were significantly higher than those in the control group. In newborns receiving PT serum total bilirubin, MDA and AOPP levels decreased significantly after intensive PT. In correlation analysis, a statistically significant negative correlation was found only between the amount of billrubin decrease with PT and AOPP levels after PT in the study group. Conclusion: Whether the significant decrease in MDA levels, which was higher prior to PT, is due to the decrease in serum bilirubin levels or due to the effect of intensive PT itself remains to be determined in further studies. The decrease in AOPP levels after PT implies that intensive PT has protective effects on oxidative stress. Copyright (C) 2014, Taiwan Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved

Thyroid Hypoplasia as a Cause of Congenital Hypothyroidism in Monozygotic Twins Concordant for Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome.

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS), a genetic disorder characterized by growth retardation, mental deficiency, dysmorphic face, broad thumbs and large toes, generally affects monozygotic twins concordantly. Thyroid hypoplasia (TH) is a common cause of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and often accompanies dysmorphic syndromes. A pair of female twins were admitted to our neonatology unit 16 hours after delivery. They were born at 35 weeks of gestation. Both twins had an unusual dysmorphic facial appearance with microcephaly, as well as broad short thumbs and large toes. Based on the presence of characteristic dysmorphic features, the twins were diagnosed as RSTS. Thyroid function tests in the first twin revealed the following results: free thyroxine (T4) 8.4 pg/mL, thyrotropin (TSH) 4.62 mIU/L, thyroglobulin (TG) 213.24 ng/mL and a normal level of urinary iodine excretion (UIE). Thyroid function test results in the second twin in the second week were: free T4 5.9 pg/mL, TSH 9.02 mIU/L, TG 204.87 ng/mL, and normal UIE levels. Thyroid volumes were 0.36 mL and 0.31 mL in the first and second twin, respectively. TH was confirmed by technetium 99 m pertechnetate thyroid scans in both infants. Thyroid function tests normalized with L-thyroxine replacement therapy (10 μg/kg/day) around the end of the 3rd week of life. The infants were discharged planning their follow-up by both endocrinology and cardiology units. The rarity of cases of twins with RSTS (concordant) co-existing with CH led us to present this report

Effect of activated carbon produced from biochar on removal of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid from aqueous solutions

701-708The toxicity of pesticides and their degradation products is making these chemical substances a potential hazard by contaminating our environment. Therefore, the removal of pesticides from water is one of the major environmental concerns these days. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) belonging to the herbicide group, which is among the numerous pesticides used today, is widely used to control weeds due to its low cost and good selectivity. In order to offer an alternative to this environmental problem, the effect of activated carbon obtained by chemical activation from pyrolysis biochar on 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid removal from aqueous solutions has been investigated. The adsorption mechanism is explained by analyzing the effect of adsorption parameters. It is determined that the equilibrium data are suitable for Langmuir isotherm model among the applied isotherm models and the monolayer adsorption capacity is 344.83 mg g-1 at 318 K. The adsorption kinetics data of 2,4-D on activated carbon is better defined by the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic calculations reveal that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The activated carbon obtained from biochar has been observed to have a high adsorption capacity compared to adsorbent materials obtained from many other raw materials for the removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid

Characteristic Features of Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF-1) is the most common, progressive, multisystemic, autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome. Its clinical features begin to present during childhood. Early diagnosis and follow-up of children with NF-1 is necessary due to predisposition to tumors and complications. Herein we aimed to evaluate patient characteristics', neuroradiologic findings and frequency of tumors in children with NF-1 who have been followed up at our center from January 1989 to June 2008. Medical records of 64 children with NF-1 were analized retrospectively for age, gender, diagnostic criteria for NF-1, unidentified bright objects (UBOs) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), complications related to NF-1, and tumors. The median age of patients was 9.5 years (0.5 18), M:F ratio was 1.2. The incidence of the diagnostic criteria were as following, café au lait spots: 100%, freckling: 62.5%,neurofibromas ± plexiform neurofibromas: 47%, Lisch nodules: 38%, optic gliomas: 11%,distinctive osseous lesions: 11%, and first degree relative with NF- 1: 30%. Cranial MRI had been performed in 38 patients, and 58% of them revealed UBOs. The most common complications were kyphoscoliosis (19%), convulsion (11%). Benign tumors and malignant ± benign tumors developed in52%and19%of patients, respectively. The importance of careful physical examination was showed by the high frequency of positive clinical diagnostic criteria of NF-1. The frequency of UBOs on MRI was high in children with NF-1. This was suggested that neuroradiologic findings may be proposed as an additional diagnostic criterion for NF-1, particularly for young children who didn't meet the diagnostic criteria. Management and follow up of complications related to NF-1, and offering genetic counseling to parents could be making by early diagnosis of NF-1 in childhood. The predisposition to tumors and the high frequencies of complications related to NF-1 were showed that the importance of multidisciplinary follow up of children with NF-1.Nörofibromatozis Tip1 (NF1) toplumda en sık karsılasılan, klinik bulguları çocukluk çagında ortaya çıkmaya baslayan, zamanla ilerleyici seyir göstererek pek çok sistemi etkileyebilen otozomal dominant geçisli bir nörokutan sendromdur. Beniyn ve maliyn tümör gelismesine yatkınlık yaratması ve NF1 iliskili komplikasyonlar nedeniyle, NF1' in çocukluk çagında erken tanısı ve klinik izlemi önemlidir. Bu çalısmada merkezimizde Ocak 1989-Haziran 2008 tarihleri arasında, NF1 tanısıyla izlenen çocuk hastaların karakteristik özellikleri, nöroradyolojik bulguları ve tümör sıklıgınındegerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıstır. Nörofibromatozis Tip1 tanı kriterlerini karsılayan 64 hastanın dosyaları retrospektif olarak incelendi. Hastaların yas, cinsiyet, NF1 tanı kriterleri, manyetik rezonans görüntülemede (MRG) tanımlanmamıs parlak objelerin (UBO: unidentified bright objects) görülme sıklıgı, NF1 iliskili komplikasyonlar, gelisen tümörler degerlendirildi. Hastaların ortanca tanı yası 9.5 yas (0.5 18), E:K oranı 1.2 bulundu. Tanı kriterlerinin sıklıgı: sütlü kahve lekeleri %100, çillenme %62.5, nörofibrom veya pleksiform nörofibrom %47, Lisch nodülü %38, optik gliom %11, kemik lezyonu %11, birinci derece akrabalarda NF1 tanısı %30 bulundu. Kraniyal MRG yapılan 38 hastadan 58%'inde UBO mevcuttu. En sık gelisen komplikasyonlar; kifoskolyoz (%19) ve konvülzyondu (%11). Hastaların %52'inde beniyn, %19'inde maliyn±beniyn tümörler gelismisti. Nörofibromatozis Tip1'in fizik inceleme ile saptanabilen klinik tanısal kriterlerinin sıklıgı, iyi bir fizik incelemenin önemini göstermektedir. Kraniyal MRG ile NF1 tanılı çocuk hastalarda yüksek oranda UBO pozitifligi izlendigi görülmüstür. Bu bulgu, özellikle henüz klinik bulguları NF1 kriterlerini karsılamayan küçük yas grubunda nöroradyolojik bulguların ek bir kriter olarak arastırılmasının hastaların erken tanısını saglayabilecegini düsündürmektedir. Erken tanı ile hem çocukta gelisebilecek problemlerin izlemi ve tedavisi, hem de ailelere genetik danısma verilmesi saglanabilecektir. Beniyn ve maliyn tümörlere yatkınlık ve diger NF1 iliskili komplikasyonların sıklıgının yüksek olması, NF1 tanılı çocukların multidisipliner izleminin önemini göstermistir

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in human mobility patterns in Holocene Southwest Asia and the East Mediterranean

We present a spatiotemporal picture of human genetic diversity in Anatolia, Iran, Levant, South Caucasus, and the Aegean, a broad region that experienced the earliest Neolithic transition and the emergence of complex hierarchical societies. Combining 35 new ancient shotgun genomes with 382 ancient and 23 present-day published genomes, we found that genetic diversity within each region steadily increased through the Holocene. We further observed that the inferred sources of gene flow shifted in time. In the first half of the Holocene, Southwest Asian and the East Mediterranean populations homogenized among themselves. Starting with the Bronze Age, however, regional populations diverged from each other, most likely driven by gene flow from external sources, which we term “the expanding mobility model.” Interestingly, this increase in inter-regional divergence can be captured by outgroup-f$_3$-based genetic distances, but not by the commonly used F$_{ST}$ statistic, due to the sensitivity of F$_{ST}$, but not outgroup-f$_3$, to within-population diversity. Finally, we report a temporal trend of increasing male bias in admixture events through the Holocene