Untersuchungen zur Wirkung des arbuskulären Mykorrhizapilzes G. intraradices auf die Gesundheit und das Wachstum der Unterlagsrebe (5 BB) an salzbelasteten Standorten

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von Salzstress und/oder Besiedlung mit dem arbuskulären Mykorrhizapilz (AM) Glomus intraradices auf Pflanzen-wachstum und Pflanzengesundheit von Rebstecklingen der Unterlagssorte 5BB (Vitis berlandieri x riparia) in Gewächshausversuchen untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die folgenden ausgewählten Parameter überprüft: • (a) Biomasseproduktion • (b) biochemische Veränderungen von Stressanzeigern wie Prolin- und Malondialdehydgehalt in den Weinrebenblättern • (c) Aufnahme von bestimmten Nährstoffen (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ und P) • (d) Mykorrhizifierungsgrad der Rebwurzeln Die präsentierten Daten in der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigten im Allgemeinen, dass die Biomasse der unterirdischen und oberirdischen Pflanzenteile durch AM G. intraradices bei den mykorrhizierten Reben im Vergleich zu den Kontrollpflanzen in allen Salzstufen signifikant erhöht werden konnte. Nur im ersten Vegetations-versuch ist bei oberirdischen Pflanzteilen (AM-Reben, ohne NaCl mykorrhizierte Pflanzen) keine statistisch gesicherte Steigerung der Biomasseproduktion im Vergleich zu den ohne NaCl kultivierten Kontrollpflanzen (Co.-Reben) zu beobachten. Die Salzzugabe in den Gefäßversuchen mit unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen [(0 mM (AM und Co.),171 mM (AM I und Co. I) sowie 342 mM (AM II und Co. II)] hatte eine Abnahme der pflanzlichen Biomasse in den AM-Gruppen sowie in den Kontrollgruppen zur Folge. Die höchste Reduktion des Trockengewichts durch Salzstress lag in den Kontrollpflanzen zwischen Co. II und Co. mit 64.91 % (1. Versuch) und in den AM-Pflanzen zwischen AM II und AM mit 45.5 % (1. Versuch) bei den oberirdischen Pflanzteilen. Bei höheren Salzkonzentrationen in den AM- und Kontrollpflanzen stieg gleichzeitig signifikant der Prolingehalt in den Blättern besonders in Kontrollreben im Vergleich zu den AM-Gruppen. Somit bestätigt sich die bedeutende Funktion von Prolin zum Schutz der Pflanzen gegen den Salzstress. Weiterhin zeigten die Ergebnisse, dass durch den Anstieg von NaCl eine höhere Malondialdehyd-Konzentration in den Weinrebenblättern der Kontroll-Reben in Vergleich zu AM-Pflanzen angesammelt wurde. Im Gegensatz dazu ist in Abwesenheit von NaCl bei den AM-Pflanzen lediglich ein tendenzieller Unterschied gegenüber den Co-Pflanzen zu beobachten. Die Mineralstoffanalysen ergaben, dass NaCl auf die Nährstoffversorgung der Reben einen negativen Einfluss hat, sodass sich durch eine Erhöhung der Salzzufuhr die Konzentrationen des Na+-Gehaltes in den unterirdischen und oberirdischen Pflanzenteilen erhöhte, während der Gehalt an K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ und P in den Pflanzen abnahm. Mit steigenden NaCl-Konzentrationen im Boden war der Rückgang der K+- und Ca2+-Konzentration im Spross im Vergleich zu ohne Salz kultivierten Pflanzen beachtlich. Besonders eklatant war die Abnahme der K+- und Ca2+-Konzentration in den höchsten Salzstufen (AM II-Reben) gegenüber den AM-Reben (ohne Salz), so dass der K+-Gehalt um 37,2 % (3. Veg.) und der Ca2+-Gehalt um 25,7 % (2. Veg.) sank. Die Behandlungen der Reben mit AM auf salzigem Boden führte zu einer tendenziellen Steigerung von Kalium, Calcium, Magnesium und Phosphor in den Wurzeln und den oberirdischen Pflanzteilen im Vergleich mit Co-Reben. Sie sind aber nur teilweise statistisch abgesichert. Die weiteren Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Zunahme der NaCl-Konzentration eine Reduktion des Mykorrhizierungsgrades von Wurzeln in allen Vegetations-versuchen zur Folge hatte. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Untersuchungen führen zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass in dieser Pflanzenforschung der Mykorrhizapilz Glomus intraradices in Anwesenheit von NaCl einen positiven Einfluss auf die Entwicklung und die Gesundheit der Rebstecklingen der Unterlagssorte 5BB im Vergleich zur Abwesenheit von NaCl hat.Salt and other abiotic elements in the soil may lead to growth depression in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of salt stress and/or root colonization with Glomus intraradices, a type of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AM), on growth and health of greenhouse-grown 5BB (Vitis berlandieri x riparia) grapevine rootstocks in three vegetation experiments. For this purpose, the following selected parameters have been measured: a) Biomass production b) Change in degree of stress by measurement of levels of stress markers (i.e. proline and malondialdehyde) in the leaves c) Uptake of certain mineral nutrients by plants (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ und P) d) The degree of mycorrhizal infection in the roots of grapevines The findings of this study indicate that in both salt-free and salty soil, mycorrhizal infection of grapevine roots with AM Glomus intraradices fungi led to a significant increase in the biomass production of root and aerial parts of the grapevine plants relative to AM fungi-free control plants except for the first vegetation experiment in which the biomass production of aerial parts of plants grown in salt-free soil, in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus were not significantly improved as compared to control plants. Salt stress induced in the arbuscular mycorrhized and AM fungus-free plants by addition of NaCl, at different concentrations of 0 mM (AM and Co), 171 mM (AM I and Co I) and 342 mM (AM II and Co II) resulted in a significant decrease in plant biomass production in both AM-infected and AM-free (control) plant groups. The reduction in dry weight of aerial parts of plants, due to salt stress, was more significant in the Co II as compared to the Co plants (64.91%,1st vegetation) and in the AM II as compared to AM (45.5%,1st vegetation). Salt stress study demonstrated that increasing in the concentration of NaCl in both arbuscular mycorrhized and AM-free plant groups leads to significant increase in the level of a known stress-protective amino acid, proline, in the leaf. This effect was more prominent in AM-free plants as compared to mycorrhized plants. This finding further supports the important role of proline in protecting plants against salt stress. Additionally, salt stress resulted in a higher malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in the leaves of the AM-free control vines as compared to mycorrhized plants. However, in the absence of salt, no significant difference was observed between mycorrhizal and AM-free plants. The analyses of the mineral nutrients in aerial parts of plants and root demonstrated that presence of NaCl in soil increases Na+ level in the plant organs. In contrast, the levels of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and P were found to be reduced in plant organs as the concentration of NaCl was increased in the soil. In addition this reduction is more pronounced in AM-free (control) plant groups in comparison to mycorrhizal vines. These results are only partly statistical supported. On the salty soils the reduction of K+ and Ca2+-concentrations in aerial part of plants was prominent compared to salt-free soil. Especially significant was the reduction of the K+- and Ca2+–concentrations in the highest salt level (AM II-vines) against AM-vines (without salt). The K+-content was reduced by 37.2% (3st vegetation) and the Ca2+-content decreased by 25.7% (2st vegetation). Furthermore, investigating the effect of salt on colonization of mycorrhization in vine roots revealed that the increase in the NaCl concentration reduces colonization of mycorrhization in all vegetation experiments. The results of the present investigations lead to the conclusion that the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices had a better impact on the growth and the health of 5BB grapevine rootstocks in the presence of NaCl than in the absence of NaCl

The Role of Occupational Stress in Prediction of Marital Satisfaction among Married Nurses Occupied at Shahid Motahari Hospital, Jahrom

This study is aimed to explain the role of stress in prediction of marital satisfaction among married nurses occupied at Shahid Motahari Hospital, Jahrom, Iran. This research, in terms of nature and objectives, is an applied study and a correlation method is used to implement it. Statistical population of the study is consisted of all 210 nurses occupied at Shahid Motahari Hospital in Jahrom, in 2015-2016. The sample size is equal to 136 individuals who were selected using Morgan table. This sample was selected using simple random sampling method. Data were collected from two questionnaires including occupational stress (Wolfgang et al., 1988) and Enrich sexual satisfaction questionnaires (Olson et al., 1989). Data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using Pearson correlation and simultaneous regression analysis. According to the results, there is a significant and negative relationship between occupational stress and several subscales (e.g., workload, control, society, justice and value) with marital satisfaction. The findings also showed that occupational stress and workload, control, society and value subscales negatively predict marital satisfaction

Effectiveness of the 'Mesiodistal Guide Set' in Dental Implant Placement: A Clinical Trial

Objectives This study used a newly designed mesiodistal guide set to assess and compare the precision of the mesiodistal positioning of dental implants relative to adjacent teeth. The cost-effective and convenient guide set was compared to the conventional freehand surgery technique in partially edentulous patients. Methods The study enrolled 38 patients requiring at least one implant. Participants were divided into case and control groups, receiving 30 implants in each group: 10 in free-end areas, and 20 in single-tooth edentulous spaces. In the case group, implants were placed using the mesiodistal guide set, while the control group underwent the freehand procedure. The postoperative evaluation involved taking parallel periapical radiographs to measure distances and angles between the implants and adjacent teeth using Photoshop CS4. The data was rigorously analyzed using the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) method, a statistical technique for modeling clustered data, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results Measurements of the mesiodistal distances between implants and adjacent teeth showed reduced deviations in the case group, with statistically significant differences in mesial (P=0.001) and distal (P=0.036) distances. The tooth-supported area exhibited better outcomes compared to the free-end area. However, there were no significant differences in implant-tooth angulation, whether mesial (P=0.503) or distal (P=0.188). Conclusion The study indicated that the mesiodistal guide set offers practical guidance for positioning implants next to teeth in partially edentulous patients. This finding has significant practical implications, providing tangible evidence for the clinical application of the guide set. Despite some limitations, the findings fall within clinically acceptable parameters, and the guide set proved to enhance accuracy over the freehand method

Perspectives of Patient Handover among Paramedics and Emergency Department Members; a Qualitative Study

Introduction: Improving patient handover is currently considered as a patient safety goal and one of the top five WHO priorities. So, the aim of this study was to explore the perspectives of patient handover among paramedics and emergency department staff. Methods: This is a descriptive exploratory study with a qualitative content analysis approach. Twenty five paramedics and emergency department staff were selected through purposeful sampling. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews in 2015 and Qualitative Content Analysis was used to analyze the data. Result: One main theme and two major categories emerged through the data analysis. In general, data analysis indicated that patient handover is a sophisticated process, which is an encounter between two separate peninsulas with different extrinsic (different environments and different equipment) and intrinsic factors (different manpower and different expectations). Conclusion: Designing an appropriate environment, providing adequate equipment, recruiting appropriate manpower, and clarifying the expectations are some strategies for improving patient handover conditions

A Meta-Analysis of Organizational Factors Effective of Efficiency and Motivation of Teachers

The data of the present research was initially collected by using research findings systematic review for the study of the organizational factors effective on teachers’ efficiency and motivation. Then the meta-analysis method was used to respond to questions. The statistical population of this research includes all researches which were conducted inside Iran in the field of factors effective on teachers’ efficiency and motivation between 1996 to 2016. On this basis, the statistical population was identified and relevant data was coded by internet research in internal data banks and also manual search in Tehran universities. Finally, 18 studies were included in the present meta-analysis.  To collect the required data meta-analysis, worksheet form was used. Data analysis results show that the size index of studies compound effect was 0.10 under the fixed model and 0.17 under the random model. In the separation study of the size of variables effect, the organization health factors, organizational climate, students’ motivation, director’s attention, and relationship-oriented management style, had the highest effect on the teachers’ efficiency and motivation, respectively. In egger’s regression method, the regression constant was estimated equal to 0.01 which its level of significance is less than 0.05; therefore according to the egger’s regression, publication bias exists. Also, moderating analysis was done for variables of publication year and place of carrying out the research which shows the ineffectiveness of moderating variables of the year of conduction of the research and the place of conduction of the research on the studies’ results

Investigating the Correlation Between Organizational Culture and Organizational Commitment of Surgical Team Members: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: The present study aimed to determine the correlation between organizational culture and the organizational commitment of surgical team members.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 200 surgical team members at hospitals affiliated with Iran Univesity of Medical Sciences in 2019. Cluster sampling and then classification with proportional allocation was performed to select samples. Three questionnaires of demographic information, Robbin's organizational culture, and Allen and Meyer's organizational commitment were used to collect data. Independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.Results: The participants’ mean age in the study was 34.37±8.21 years, and they were mostly women (62.5%). The present study showed a significant and direct correlation between the operating room's organizational culture and the surgical team's organizational commitment (P<0.001, r=0.483). A significant relationship was found between organizational culture and gender (P=0.033), and the organizational culture mean score was higher in men than women. Also, there was a significant correlation between organizational commitment and work experience (P=0.048), as people with less work experience had higher organizational commitment.Conclusion: Considering the positive correlation between operating room organizational culture and surgical commitment of the surgical team, researchers believe creating an appropriate organizational culture in the operating room can help create organizational commitment in surgical team members

Dose-Dense Epirubicin and Cyclophosphamide Followed by Docetaxel as Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Node-Positive Breast Cancer

Background. Adding taxanes to anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy has shown significant improvement particularly in node-positive patients, but optimal dose and schedule remain undetermined. Objectives. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of dose-dense epirubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel in node-positive breast cancer. Methods. All Patients first received 4 cycles of epirubicin (100 mg/m(2)) and cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m(2)) at 2-week interval then followed by docetaxel (100 mg/m(2)) at 2-week interval for 4 cycles, with daily Pegfilgrastim (G-CSF) that was administered in all patients on days 3–10 after each cycle of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide infusion. Results. Fifty-eight patients with axillary lymph node-positive breast cancer were enrolled in the study, of whom 42 (72.4%) completed the regimen. There were two toxicity-related deaths, one patient due to grade 4 febrile neutropenia and the other due to congestive heart failure. Grade 3/4 neutropenia and febrile neutropenia were 13.8% and 5.1%. The most common grade 3/4 nonhematological complications were as follows: skin-nail disorders (48.3%), hand-foot syndrome (34.4%), paresthesia (38%), arthralgia (27.5%), and paresis (24.1%). Conclusions. Dose-dense epirubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel with G-CSF support are not feasible, and it is not recommended for further investigation

Artificial Intelligence and COVID-19: Deep Learning Approaches for Diagnosis and Treatment

COVID-19 outbreak has put the whole world in an unprecedented difficult situation bringing life around the world to a frightening halt and claiming thousands of lives. Due to COVID-19’s spread in 212 countries and territories and increasing numbers of infected cases and death tolls mounting to 5,212,172 and 334,915 (as of May 22 2020), it remains a real threat to the public health system. This paper renders a response to combat the virus through Artificial Intelligence (AI). Some Deep Learning (DL) methods have been illustrated to reach this goal, including Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), and Long/Short Term Memory (LSTM). It delineates an integrated bioinformatics approach in which different aspects of information from a continuum of structured and unstructured data sources are put together to form the user-friendly platforms for physicians and researchers. The main advantage of these AI-based platforms is to accelerate the process of diagnosis and treatment of the COVID-19 disease. The most recent related publications and medical reports were investigated with the purpose of choosing inputs and targets of the network that could facilitate reaching a reliable Artificial Neural Network-based tool for challenges associated with COVID-19. Furthermore, there are some specific inputs for each platform, including various forms of the data, such as clinical data and medical imaging which can improve the performance of the introduced approaches toward the best responses in practical applications

Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. Methods: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]). Interpretation: Globally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions