Fat handles and phase portraits of Non Singular Morse-Smale flows on S^3 with unknotted saddle orbits

In this paper we build Non-singular Morse-Smale flows on S^3 with unknotted and unlinked saddle orbits by identifying fat round handles along their boundaries. This way of building the flows enables to get their phase portraits. We also show that the presence of heteroclinic trajectories imposes an order in the round handle decomposition of these flows; this order is total for NMS flows composed of one repulsive, one attractive and n unknotted saddle orbits, for n >1.Comment: 15 page

Non equivalence of NMS flows on S3S^{3}

summary:We build the flows of non singular Morse-Smale systems on the 3-sphere from its round handle decomposition. We show the existence of flows corresponding to the same link of periodic orbits that are non equivalent. So, the link of periodic orbits is not in a 1-1 correspondence with this type of flows and we search for other topological invariants such as the associated dual graph

Dynamics of Newton-like root finding methods

When exploring the literature, it can be observed that the operator obtained when applying Newton-like root finding algorithms to the quadratic polynomials z2 − c has the same form regardless of which algorithm has been used. In this paper, we justify why this expression is obtained. This is done by studying the symmetries of the operators obtained after applying Newton-like algorithms to a family of degree d polynomials p(z) = zd −c. Moreover, we provide an iterative procedure to obtain the expression of new Newton-like algorithms. We also carry out a dynamical study of the given generic operator and provide general conclusions of this type of methods.Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Jaume

Morphometric characteristics and internal structures of intertidal bars on the northwest Cadiz littoral (southwestern Iberian Peninsula)

The present paper deals with morphometric bar characteristics, to discriminate between bars that are associated with dissipative beaches and reflective ones. We shall focus on the former: their internal structures and migration rate. The beaches studied are located between the cities of Chipiona and Rota (southwest Iberian Peninsula). Dissipative beaches have a gentle slope (2 %) and are 120 m wide; moderately reflective beaches have a 5 % slope and are 90 m wide. We found that bars associated with reflective beaches are larger than those associated with dissipative beaches. On the reflective beaches, bars are convex upwards, with a seaward slope of 9° and a landward slope of 5°. On the dissipative beaches, bars have a wide, smooth crest, a seaward slope of 2°-3°, and a landward slope of 1°-2°. They are generally composed of thin sets of plane bedding laminae, parallel to the beach surface.Este trabajo pretende una descripción morfométrica de las barras intermareales para distinguir entre las asociadas a perfiles disipativos y las asociadas a perfiles reflectivos, profundizando más en las primeras en cuanto a estructuras internas y migración. El litoral estudiado se sitúa entre las ciudades de Chipiona y Rota (suroeste de la península Ibérica). Las playas disipativas presentan pendiente muy suave (2 %) y anchura de aproximadamente 120 m; las reflectivas tienen pendiente media del 5 % y anchura en torno a 90 m. Se ha encontrado que las barras asociadas a perfiles reflectivos son de mayores dimensiones que las asociadas a perfiles disipativos. Aquéllas son convexas y tienen una elevada pendiente en su lado hacia el mar (9°) y una pendiente menor en el lado hacia tierra. Las últimas presentan una amplia y aplanada cresta, el lado hacia el mar tiene una pendiente de 2°-3° y el lado hacia tierra de 1°-2°. Sus estructuras internas están constituidas por láminas paralelas a la superficie.Instituto Español de Oceanografí

Behavior of fixed and critical points of the (alpha,c)-family of iterative methods

In this paper we study the dynamical behavior of the -family of iterative methods for solving nonlinear equations, when we apply the fixed point operator associated to this family on quadratic polynomials. This is a family of third-order iterative root-finding methods depending on two parameters; so, as we show throughout this paper, its dynamics is really interesting, but complicated. In fact, we have found in the real -plane a line in which the corresponding elements of the family have a lower number of free critical points. As this number is directly related with the quantity of basins of attraction, it is probable to find more stable behavior between the elements of the family in this region.Supported by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia MTM2011-28636-C02-02. The first and fourth authors were also partially supported by P11B2011-30 (Universitat Jaume I), the second and third authors were also partially supported by Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia SP20120474.Campos, B.; Cordero Barbero, A.; Torregrosa Sánchez, JR.; P. Vindel (2015). Behavior of fixed and critical points of the (alpha,c)-family of iterative methods. Journal of Mathematical Chemistry. 53(3):807-827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10910-014-0465-3S807827533A.F. Beardon, Iteration of Rational Functions, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 132 (Springer, New York, 1991)B. Campos, A. Cordero, A. Magreñan, J.R. Torregrosa, P. Vindel, Study of a bi-parametric family of iterative methods, Abstra. Appl. Anal. (2014). doi: 10.1155/2014/141643B. Campos, A. Cordero, A. Magreñan, J.R. Torregrosa, P. Vindel, Bifurcations of the roots of a 6-degree symmetric polynomial coming from the fixed point operator of a class of iterative methods. in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computational and Mathematical Methods in Science and Engineering, CMMSE, ed. by J. Vigo-Aguiar (2014), pp. 253–264B. Campos, A. Cordero, J.R. Torregrosa, P. Vindel, Dynamics of the family of c-iterative methods. Int. J. Compt. Math. (2014). doi: 10.1080/00207160.2014.893608F. Chicharro, A. Cordero, J.R. Torregrosa, Drawing dynamical and parameter planes of iterative families and methods. Sci. World J. (2013). doi: 10.1155/2013/780153A. Cordero, J. García-Maimó, J.R. Torregrosa, M.P. Vassileva, P. Vindel, Chaos in King’s iterative family. Appl. Math. Lett. 26, 842–848 (2013)A. Cordero, J.R. Torregrosa, P. Vindel, Dynamics of a family of Chebyshev–Halley type method. Appl. Math. Comput. 219, 8568–8583 (2013)C.G. Jesudason, I. Numerical nonlinear analysis: differential methods and optimization applied to chemical reaction rate determination. J. Math. Chem. 49(7), 1384–1415 (2011)P.G. Logrado, J.D.M. Vianna, Partitioning technique procedure revisited: formalism and first applications to atomic problems. J. Math. Chem. 22, 107–116 (1997)M. Mahalakshmi, G. Hariharan, K. Kannan, The wavelet methods to linear and nonlinear reaction-diffusion model arising in mathematical chemistry. J. Math. Chem. 51(9), 2361–2385 (2013)K. Maleknejad, M. Alizadeh, An efficient numerical sheme for solving Hammerstein integral equation arisen in chemical phenomenon. Proc. Comput. Sci. 3, 361–364 (2011)J. Milnor, Dynamics in One Complex Variable (Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2006

Dynamics of the family of c-iterative methods

In this paper, the dynamics of the family of c-iterative methods for solving nonlinear equations are studied on quadratic polynomials. A singular parameter space is presented to show the complexity of the family. The analysis of the parameter space allows us to find elements of the family that have bad convergence properties and also other ones with very stable behaviour. These schemes correspond to values of c in different small regions of the parameter space.Supported by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia MTM2011-28636-C02-02. The first and fourth authors were also partially supported by P11B2011-30 (Universitat Jaume I), the second and third authors were also partially supported by Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia PAID-06-2010-2285.Campos, B.; Cordero Barbero, A.; Torregrosa Sánchez, JR.; Vindel, P. (2015). Dynamics of the family of c-iterative methods. International Journal of Computer Mathematics. 92(9):1815-1825. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207160.2014.893608S1815182592

Study of a biparametric family of iterative methods

[EN] The dynamics of a biparametric family for solving nonlinear equations is studied on quadratic polynomials. This biparametric family includes the c -iterative methods and the well-known Chebyshev-Halley family. We find the analytical expressions for the fixed and critical points by solving 6-degree polynomials. We use the free critical points to get the parameter planes and, by observing them, we specify some values of (alfa, c) with clear stable and unstable behaviors.This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología MTM2011-28636-C02-{01,02}, P11B2011-30 of the Universitat Jaume I, and PAID-SP20120474 of the Universitat Politècnica de València.Campos, B.; Cordero Barbero, A.; Magreñán Ruiz, ÁA.; Torregrosa Sánchez, JR.; Vindel Cañas, P. (2014). Study of a biparametric family of iterative methods. Abstract and Applied Analysis. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/141643S201

Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. Part 2:new approaches and potential solutions

Vaccines and other alternative products are central to the future success of animal agriculture because they can help minimize the need for antibiotics by preventing and controlling infectious diseases in animal populations. To assess scientific advancements related to alternatives to antibiotics and provide actionable strategies to support their development, the United States Department of Agriculture, with support from the World Organisation for Animal Health, organized the second International Symposium on Alternatives to Antibiotics. It focused on six key areas: vaccines; microbial-derived products; non-nutritive phytochemicals; immune-related products; chemicals, enzymes, and innovative drugs; and regulatory pathways to enable the development and licensure of alternatives to antibiotics. This article, the second part in a two-part series, highlights new approaches and potential solutions for the development of vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics in food producing animals; opportunities, challenges and needs for the development of such vaccines are discussed in the first part of this series. As discussed in part 1 of this manuscript, many current vaccines fall short of ideal vaccines in one or more respects. Promising breakthroughs to overcome these limitations include new biotechnology techniques, new oral vaccine approaches, novel adjuvants, new delivery strategies based on bacterial spores, and live recombinant vectors; they also include new vaccination strategies in-ovo, and strategies that simultaneously protect against multiple pathogens. However, translating this research into commercial vaccines that effectively reduce the need for antibiotics will require close collaboration among stakeholders, for instance through public–private partnerships. Targeted research and development investments and concerted efforts by all affected are needed to realize the potential of vaccines to improve animal health, safeguard agricultural productivity, and reduce antibiotic consumption and resulting resistance risks

Contact metamorphism associated to the Penamacor - Monsanto granitic intrusion (Central Portugal): geochemical, isotopic and mineralogical features

Contact metamorphism related to Variscan and late-Variscan granitic plutons in the Iberian Peninsula is superimposed on medium-grade regional metamorphism, making it often difficult to evaluate per se the thermal effects due to those intrusions and explaining the paucity of scientific literature on the subject. An exhaustive set of geochemical, isotopic and mineralogical data on the contact-zone metasediments hosting the Penamacor-Monsanto granite (Central Iberian Zone, Portugal) provides a significant contribution to the characterization of low- to intermediate-grade contact metamorphism in geological contexts formerly affected by regional metamorphism. The metasediments hosting the Penamacor-Monsanto pluton belong to the extensive detrital sequence of the ante-Ordovician Schist-Greywacke Complex. Bulk geochemistry, oxygen isotope data and crystal-chemistry of key minerals from those contact-zone and neighbouring metasediments have made it possible to infer metamorphic conditions on the contact zone of this granitic intrusion, and to distinguish them from late boron-metasomatism at the exocontact. Mineral paragenesis (muscovite + biotite + chlorite quartz plagioclase cordierite, in spotted-schists; biotite + chlorite quartz plagioclase ( cordierite), in hornfelses) and the composition of these coexisting mineral phases indicate that most of the contact rocks reached the biotite zone (or even the cordierite zone, in some cases), equivalent to upper greenschist – lower amphibolite metamorphic grade. The relatively narrow range of O-isotope temperatures estimated for the crystallization of the marginal granites (550-625ºC) explains the absence of significant effects of thermal flow anisotropy on the contact-zone rocks. Besides, textural, paragenetic, mineralogical, isotopic and geochemical nuances observed in hornfelses and spotted-schists seem mainly related to the local host-rock heterogeneities, rather than to thermal effects. The relatively low temperatures estimated for granitoid emplacement and their restricted isotopic and mineralogical impacts on the metasedimentary host-rocks account for the narrow metamorphic aureole associated with the Penamacor-Monsanto pluton, and suggest this massif may correspond to the outcropping tip of a larger granitic intrusion at depth.Las intrusions graníticas Varíscicas y tardivaríscicas de la Península Ibérica dieron lugar a un metamorfsmo de contacto que afecta a un encajante previamente sometido a un metamorfsmo regional de grado medio, lo que difculta separar los efectos térmicos de aquellos regionales, y explica la escasez de estudios sobre el mismo. El estudio detallado de la zona de contacto entre el Granito de Penamacor-Monsanto (Zona Centro-Ibérica; Portugal) y su encajante metasedimentario mediante técnicas geoquímicas, mineralógicas e isotópicas supone una notable contribución al conocimiento y caracterización del metamorfsmo de contacto de grados bajos a intermedios en contextos geológicos previamente afectados por metamorfsmo regional. El encajante metasedimentario del Plutón de Penamacor-Monsanto es parte de la amplia secuencia detrítica ante-Ordovícia conocida como Complejo Esquisto-Grawackico. Datos geoquímicos de roca total y cristaloquímicos de los minerales más característicos, y relaciones isotópicas de oxígeno en la zona de contacto y metasedimentos aledaños permiten inferir las condiciones metamórfcas en la zona de contacto de dicha intrusión, y diferenciarla de aquella afectada por metasomatismo tardío por B. La paragénesis mineral (muscovita + biotita + clorita ± cuarzo ± plagioclasa ± cordierita en los esquistos moteados; biotita + clorita ± cuarzo ± plagiclasa (± cordierita) en corneanas) y la composición de las fases minerales coexistentes indican que la mayoría de rocas del contacto alcanzaron la zona de la biotita (e incluso, en algunos casos, aquella de la cordierita), equivalente a la parte alta del grado metamórfco de los esquistos verdes, o a la parte baja de las anfbolitas. El rango relativamente pequeño de temperaturas de cristalización de los granitos marginales (550-625°C), calculado mediante isótopos de oxígeno, explica la carencia de anisotropías térmicas signifcativas en las rocas del contacto. Las sutiles diferencias texturales, paragenéticas, mineralógicas, isotópicas y geoquímicas en esquistos moteados y corneanas parecen relacionadas con heterogeneidades locales de los encajantes, y no con efectos térmicos diferenciados. Las temperaturas relativamente bajas estimadas durante la intrusión del granito de Penamacor-Monsanto, y el limitado efecto mineralógico e isotópico sobre el encajante metasedimentario, dan lugar a una aureola de contacto estrecha, y sugieren que este macizo puede corresponder al techo de una intrusión mayor en profundidad.Funding was provided by FCT—Fundação para a Ciên cia e Tecnologia, through project METMOB (PTDC/CTE-GIX/116204/2009

Spread of Epidemic MRSA-ST5-IV Clone Encoding PVL as a Major Cause of Community Onset Staphylococcal Infections in Argentinean Children

BACKGROUND: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-(CA-MRSA) strains have emerged in Argentina. We investigated the clinical and molecular evolution of community-onset MRSA infections (CO-MRSA) in children of Córdoba, Argentina, 2005-2008. Additionally, data from 2007 were compared with the epidemiology of these infections in other regions of the country. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Two datasets were used: i) lab-based prospective surveillance of CA-MRSA isolates from 3 Córdoba pediatric hospitals-(CBAH1-H3) in 2007-2008 (compared to previously published data of 2005) and ii) a sampling of CO-MRSA from a study involving both, healthcare-associated community-onset-(HACO) infections in children with risk-factors for healthcare-associated infections-(HRFs), and CA-MRSA infections in patients without HRFs detected in multiple centers of Argentina in 2007. Molecular typing was performed on the CA-MRSA-(n: 99) isolates from the CBAH1-H3-dataset and on the HACO-MRSA-(n: 51) and CA-MRSA-(n: 213) isolates from other regions. Between 2005-2008, the annual proportion of CA-MRSA/CA-S. aureus in Córdoba hospitals increased from 25% to 49%, P<0.01. Total CA-MRSA infections increased 3.6 fold-(5.1 to 18.6 cases/100,000 annual-visits, P<0.0001), associated with an important increase of invasive CA-MRSA infections-(8.5 fold). In all regions analyzed, a single genotype prevailed in both CA-MRSA (82%) and HACO-MRSA(57%), which showed pulsed-field-gel electrophoresis-(PFGE)-type-"I", sequence-type-5-(ST5), SCCmec-type-IVa, spa-t311, and was positive for PVL. The second clone, pulsotype-N/ST30/CC30/SCCmecIVc/t019/PVL(+), accounted for 11.5% of total CA-MRSA infections. Importantly, the first 4 isolates of Argentina belonging to South American-USA300 clone-(USA300/ST8/CC8/SCCmecIVc/t008/PVL(+)/ACME(-)) were detected. We also demonstrated that a HA-MRSA clone-(pulsotype-C/ST100/CC5) caused 2% and 10% of CA-MRSA and HACO-MRSA infections respectively and was associated with a SCCmec type closely related to SCCmecIV(2B&5). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The dissemination of epidemic MRSA clone, ST5-IV-PVL(+) was the main cause of increasing staphylococcal community-onset infections in Argentinean children (2003-2008), conversely to other countries. The predominance of this clone, which has capacity to express the h-VISA phenotype, in healthcare-associated community-onset cases suggests that it has infiltrated into hospital-settings