Demonstration of fine pitch FCOB (Flip Chip on Board) assembly based on solder bumps at Fermilab

Bump bonding is a superior assembly alternative compared to conventional wire bond techniques. It offers a highly reliable connection with greatly reduced parasitic properties. The Flip Chip on Board (FCOB) procedure is an especially attractive packaging method for applications requiring a large number of connections at moderate pitch. This paper reports on the successful demonstration of FCOB assembly based on solder bumps down to 250um pitch using a SUESS MA8 flip chip bonder at Fermilab. The assembly procedure will be described, microscopic cross sections of the connections are shown, and first measurements on the contact resistance are presented.Comment: 4 pages, 8 figure

Status of a DEPFET pixel system for the ILC vertex detector

We have developed a prototype system for the ILC vertex detector based on DEPFET pixels. The system operates a 128x64 matrix (with ~35x25 square micron large pixels) and uses two dedicated microchips, the SWITCHER II chip for matrix steering and the CURO II chip for readout. The system development has been driven by the final ILC requirements which above all demand a detector thinned to 50 micron and a row wise read out with line rates of 20MHz and more. The targeted noise performance for the DEPFET technology is in the range of ENC=100 e-. The functionality of the system has been demonstrated using different radioactive sources in an energy range from 6 to 40keV. In recent test beam experiments using 6GeV electrons, a signal-to-noise ratio of S/N~120 has been achieved with present sensors being 450 micron thick. For improved DEPFET systems using 50 micron thin sensors in future, a signal-to-noise of 40 is expected.Comment: Invited poster at the International Symposium on the Development of Detectors for Particle, AstroParticle and Synchrotron Radiation Experiments, Stanford CA (SNIC06) 6 pages, 12 eps figure

Readout Concepts for DEPFET Pixel Arrays

Field effect transistors embedded into a depleted silicon bulk (DEPFETs) can be used as the first amplifying element for the detection of small signal charges deposited in the bulk by ionizing particles, X-ray photons or visible light. Very good noise performance at room temperature due to the low capacitance of the collecting electrode has been demonstrated. Regular two dimensional arrangements of DEPFETs can be read out by turning on individual rows and reading currents or voltages in the columns. Such arrangements allow the fast, low power readout of larger arrays with the possibility of random access to selected pixels. In this paper, different readout concepts are discussed as they are required for arrays with incomplete or complete clear and for readout at the source or the drain. Examples of VLSI chips for the steering of the gate and clear rows and for reading out the columns are presented.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Nucl. Instr. and Methods as proceedings of the 9th European Symposium on Semiconductor Detectors, Elmau, June 23-27, 200

Interactive medical image segmentation - towards integrating human guidance and deep learning

Medical image segmentation is an essential step in many clinical workflows involving diagnostics and patient treatment planning. Deep learning has advanced the field of medical image segmentation, particularly with respect to automating contouring. However, some anatomical structures, such as tumours, are challenging for fully automated methods. When automatic methods fail, manual contouring is required. In such cases, semi-automatic tools can support clinicians in contouring tasks. The objective of this thesis was to leverage clinicians’ expert knowledge when performing segmentation tasks, allowing for interactions along the segmentation workflow and improving deep learning predictions. In this thesis, a deep learning approach is proposed that produces a 3D segmentation of a structure of interest based on a user-provided input. If trained on a diverse set of structures, state-of-the-art performance was achieved for structures included in the training set. More importantly, the model was also able to generalize and make predictions for unseen structures that were not represented in the training set. Various avenues to guide user interaction and leverage multiple user inputs more effectively were also investigated. These further improved the segmentation performance and demonstrated the ability to accurately segment a broad range of anatomical structures. An evaluation by clinicians demonstrated that time spent contouring was reduced when using the contextual deep learning tool as compared to conventional contouring tools. This evaluation also revealed that the majority of contouring time is observation time, which is only indirectly affected by the segmentation approach. This suggests, that user interface design and guiding the user’s attention to critical areas can have a large impact on time taken on the contouring task. Overall, this thesis proposes an interactive deep learning segmentation method, demonstrates its clinical impact, and highlights the potential synergies between clinicians and artificial intelligence

2D Detectors for Particle Physics and for Imaging Applications

The demands on detectors for particle detection as well as for medical and astronomical X-ray imaging are continuously pushing the development of novel pixel detectors. The state of the art in pixel detector technology to date are hybrid pixel detectors in which sensor and read-out integrated circuits are processed on different substrates and connected via high density interconnect structures. While these detectors are technologically mastered such that large scale particle detectors can be and are being built, the demands for improved performance for the next generation particle detectors ask for the development of monolithic or semi-monolithic approaches. Given the fact that the demands for medical imaging are different in some key aspects, developments for these applications, which started as particle physics spin-off, are becomming rather independent. New approaches are leading to novel signal processing concepts and interconnect technologies to satisfy the need for very high dynamic range and large area detectors. The present state in hybrid and (semi-)monolithic pixel detector development and their different approaches for particle physics and imaging application is reviewed

Die prognostische Relevanz des Nachweises disseminierter Tumorzellen im Knochenmark und in Lymphknoten Level I nodal-negativer Mammakarzinompatientinnen

Fragestellung: Der Nachweis von CK+-KMM ist ein unabhängiger Prognosefaktor, der das primär auf den LK_Status ausgerichtete, aktuelle Tumorstaging beeinflussen könnte. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob CK+-KMM und LKM parallel nachweisbar und jeweils prognostisch Relevant sind. Methode: 300 KM-Aspirate und 1590 axilläre Level I LK von 150 nodal-negativer Patientinnen wurden mit monoklonalen anti-CK Antikörpern (A45-B/B3 und NCL-5D3) prospektiv analysiert und mit etablierten Prognosefaktoren verglichen. Die mediane Beobachtungszeit betrug 39 Monate Ergebnisse: CK+-KMM fanden sich bei 44/150 (29%)und CK+-LKM bei 13/150 (9%) Patientinnen. ein CK+-Befund korrelierte nicht mit den etablierten Prognosefaktoren. Der Nachweis von CK+-KMM war nicht mit locoregionären Rezidiven aber mit Fernmetastasierung und tumorabhängigen Tod assoziiert. Der immunzytochemische LKM-Nachweis hatte keine prognostische Bedeutung. In der multiarianten Analyse blieb die CK-Positivität des KM ein unabhängiger Prognosefaktor mit einer Hazard-Ratio von 6,1 für ein verkürztes Gesamtüberleben. Schlussfolgerung: Hämatogene, nicht jedoch lymphogene Mikrometastasierung scheint ein unabhängiger Prognosefaktor für nodal-negative Patientinnen zu sein. Dies könnte als Stratifizierungskriterium in adjuvanten Therapiestudien eingesetzt werden und zukünftige chirurgische Strategien beeinflussen

Die prognostische Relevanz des Nachweises disseminierter Tumorzellen im Knochenmark und in Lymphknoten Level I nodal-negativer Mammakarzinompatientinnen

Fragestellung: Der Nachweis von CK+-KMM ist ein unabhängiger Prognosefaktor, der das primär auf den LK_Status ausgerichtete, aktuelle Tumorstaging beeinflussen könnte. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob CK+-KMM und LKM parallel nachweisbar und jeweils prognostisch Relevant sind. Methode: 300 KM-Aspirate und 1590 axilläre Level I LK von 150 nodal-negativer Patientinnen wurden mit monoklonalen anti-CK Antikörpern (A45-B/B3 und NCL-5D3) prospektiv analysiert und mit etablierten Prognosefaktoren verglichen. Die mediane Beobachtungszeit betrug 39 Monate Ergebnisse: CK+-KMM fanden sich bei 44/150 (29%)und CK+-LKM bei 13/150 (9%) Patientinnen. ein CK+-Befund korrelierte nicht mit den etablierten Prognosefaktoren. Der Nachweis von CK+-KMM war nicht mit locoregionären Rezidiven aber mit Fernmetastasierung und tumorabhängigen Tod assoziiert. Der immunzytochemische LKM-Nachweis hatte keine prognostische Bedeutung. In der multiarianten Analyse blieb die CK-Positivität des KM ein unabhängiger Prognosefaktor mit einer Hazard-Ratio von 6,1 für ein verkürztes Gesamtüberleben. Schlussfolgerung: Hämatogene, nicht jedoch lymphogene Mikrometastasierung scheint ein unabhängiger Prognosefaktor für nodal-negative Patientinnen zu sein. Dies könnte als Stratifizierungskriterium in adjuvanten Therapiestudien eingesetzt werden und zukünftige chirurgische Strategien beeinflussen

SOI detector with drift field due to majority carrier flow - an alternative to biasing in depletion

This paper reports on a SOI detector with drift field induced by the flow of majority carriers. It is proposed as an alternative method of detector biasing compared to standard depletion. N-drift rings in n-substrate are used at the front side of the detector to provide charge collecting field in depth as well as to improve the lateral charge collection. The concept was verified on a 2.5 x 2.5 mm{sup 2} large detector array with 20 {micro}m and 40 {micro}m pixel pitch fabricated in August 2009 using the OKI semiconductor process. First results, obtained with a radioactive source to demonstrate spatial resolution and spectroscopic performance of the detector for the two different pixel sizes will be shown and compared to results obtained with a standard depletion scheme. Two different diode designs, one using a standard p-implantation and one surrounded by an additional BPW implant will be compared as well

A vertically integrated pixel readout device for the Vertex Detector at the International Linear Collider

3D-Integrated Circuit technology enables higher densities of electronic circuitry per unit area without the use of nanoscale processes. It is advantageous for mixed mode design with precise analog circuitry because processes with conservative feature sizes typically present lower process dispersions and tolerate higher power supply voltages, resulting in larger separation of a signal from the noise floor. Heterogeneous wafers (different foundries or different process families) may be combined with some 3D integration methods, leading to the optimization of each tier in the 3D stack. Tracking and vertexing in future High-Energy Physics (HEP) experiments involves construction of detectors composed of up to a few billions of channels. Readout electronics must record the position and time of each measurement with the highest achievable precision. This paper reviews a prototype of the first 3D readout chip for HEP, designed for a vertex detector at the International Linear Collider. The prototype features 20 x 20 {micro}m{sup 2} pixels, laid out in an array of 64 x 64 elements and was fabricated in a 3-tier 0.18 {micro}m Fully Depleted SOI CMOS process at MIT-Lincoln Laboratory. The tests showed correct functional operation of the structure. The chip performs a zero-suppressed readout. Successive submissions are planned in a commercial 3D bulk 0.13 {micro}m CMOS process to overcome some of the disadvantages of an FDSOI process