PHARMACY, MONEY AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN DAKAR.

Pharmacy students at the Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar must research and write a thesis to graduate. Thésards who took topics in analytical chemistry and toxicology describe their thesis work as a temporary opportunity to perform 'street-level' public health research that they regard as 'relevant' to the quality of people's lives. Expecting futures in the private commercial sector, thésards regretfully leave the thesis behind. This article explores the parenthetical nature of this moment - its brief openings and more durable closures - as part of the history of ways of being a pharmacist in post-colonial Senegal. The thesis as an interlude in students' biographies, curtailed by narrowed horizons of expectation, evokes other contractions: in the range of professional roles open to Senegalese pharmacists, and in the circuits of public health with which they might engage. For thésards, fieldwork, government work and commercial work entail spatial practices and imaginations; different ways of moving around the city and of tracing urban space that define pharmacists' roles in terms of the modes through which they engage with broader collectivities. Mapping thésards' parenthesis in Dakar is a means of capturing both their urban experience of work and the intertwining spatial, temporal and affective dimensions associated with this work. The past, probable and possible trajectories of pharmacy work are imprinted and imagined in the space of the city as field, market and polis. Pharmacists' prospects and aspirations are caught up in broader shifts in how education, (un)employment and entrepreneurship animate relations of association and exchange in Senegal

La pauvreté : cause ou espace des problèmes de santé mentale

L'association fréquente observée dans la littérature entre la pauvreté et les problèmes de santé mentale majeurs et mineurs ne prouve d'aucune façon que le manque de revenus soit la principale cause de cette détresse. La pauvreté est d'abord un lieu, un espace de la société, où se regroupent pour des raisons diverses des populations vulnérables, particulièrement les mères de familles monoparentales, les immigrants et les réfugiés, les chômeurs ainsi que les ex-patients psychiatriques. Les problèmes sont aussi davantage concentrés dans les quartiers pauvres qui comprennent des résidences à logements multiples construites en hauteur. Par ailleurs, il semble que les personnes avec de meilleures ressources personnelles et sociales accèdent aux quartiers de classe moyenne. La pauvreté n'est en définitive source de problèmes psychologiques que si elle se conjugue avec d'autres facteurs tels l'isolement social, l'immigration, le chômage ou l'absence d'organisation du quartier.The frequent association made in the academic press between poverty and minor and major mental health problems is unfounded. There is absolutely no proof that lack of revenue is the main cause of such a hardship. Poverty is first and foremost an area in society where mostly vulnerable groups congregate, particularly mothers of single-parent families, immigrants and refugees, the unemployed, as well as former psychiatric patients. Problems are also much more concentrated in poor districts with high-rise, multiple dwelling apartment buildings. On a different note, it appears that people with better personal resources occupy middle-class districts. Poverty is definitively not a source of psychological problems unless it is combined with such factors as social isolation, emigration, unemployment or an anomic district

Vertical and Horizontal Fiscal Interaction in a Federation: The Case of Corporate Income Tax in Canada

Numéro de référence interne originel : a1.1 g 111

Multivariate knock detection for development and production applications

Combustion knock is a limiting factor in the efficiency of spark ignition internal combustion engines. Therefore, optimization of design and control dictates that an engine must operate as close to the knock limits as possible without allowing knock to occur. This is the challenge presented for knock detection systems. In-cylinder pressure techniques are considered the most reliable method for knock detection; however, installation of pressure transducers in the combustion chamber is both difficult and expensive. This leads to the requirement of a low cost, non-intrusive alternative. Although the current vibration-based methods meet these requirements, their susceptibility to background noise greatly reduces their effectiveness. Thus, the goal of consistently achieving the optimal operating conditions cannot be achieved. This research involves the use of multivariate analysis of vibration-based knock signals to improve the detection system reliability through enhanced signal to noise ratio. The techniques proposed apply a relatively new philosophy developed by Genichi Taguchi for pattern recognition based on the statistical parameter Mahalanobis Distance. Application of these methods results in the development of a new knock detection strategy which shows a significant improvement in determining the presence of knock. The development and validation of this vibration-based system required the use of in-cylinder pressure data for initial classification of knocking and non-knocking operation. This necessitated an independent study to validate pressure transducer type and mounting location. Results of this study are detailed herein

Tara Bogart: Modern Hair Studies

ABSTRACT TARA BOGART: MODERN HAIR STUDIES by Kathleen Tousignant The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2016 Under the Supervision of Professor Jennifer Johung This exhibition and accompanying catalogue explore Tara Bogart’s modern hair study photographs. Compiled of 28 photographs from 3 different series, Modern Hair Studies examines the correlation between hair and identity. The faceless portraits from her series A Modern Hair Study and Un Capillaire Modern Etude showcase the ways in which millennial women use hair colors, hairstyles, and body art as a form of self-expression. When viewed as a group, the portraits serve as a visual and demographic representation of women in their 20’s. However, when viewed individually, each woman’s uniqueness can be seen in the intimate details of hair and skin. Meanwhile, the photographs from Bogart’s Locks series present fragments of hair given to the artist by women with whom she is closely connected. Devoid of bodies, these works demonstrate the ability of disembodied hair to serve as a surrogate for the person to whom it once belonged. The intimate, yet obscured female portraits included in Modern Hair Studies ask the viewer to analyze the different historical, sentimental, and scientific significance of hair in order to interpret the women that it adorns. By analyzing the cultural, societal, and fashion conventions surrounding hair, this catalogue introduces ways in which women’s hair has functioned as a means of individual identification, whether it be through its length, color, or style. This will help the viewer navigate the ambiguous portraits as they investigate the corporeal elements that distinguish each of the 28 women from one another

La santé mentale des migrants : analyse de son contexte social et longitudinal

La santé mentale des migrants est affectée par plusieurs facteurs qui relèvent à la fois des expériences pré-migratoires et des conditions d'adaptation au pays hôte. L'interaction entre ces deux niveaux de facteurs évolue cependant en fonction du temps, marqué tantôt de périodes de relatif équilibre, tantôt de perturbations inattendues comme si le processus de migration n'était jamais complété. L'âge d'arrivée dans un nouveau pays est aussi fort important, les adolescents ayant à affronter plusieurs demandes simultanées et les personnes aînées n'ayant plus les ressources personnelles pour assimiler une nouvelle culture. Par ailleurs, l'adaptation s'opère à l'intérieur d'un système familial où le destin de chacun des membres influe sur celui des autres. Le texte offre quelques réflexions sur la prévention qui découlent en partie des considérations de la littérature scientifique.The mental health of migrants is affected by many factors that stem from premigratory experiences as well as adaptation conditions of the host nation. The interaction of these two types of factors are however set in time: certain periods are characterized by relative stability, while others are marked by unexpected disruptions which tend to make migration appear as a never-ending process. An individual's age upon arrival in a new country is also an important factor: adolescents must meet many different types of demands, while the elderly no longer have the personal resources to assimilate a new culture. The author points out that adaptation takes place in a family system where the fortune of each member impacts on that of others in the family. In this article, the author discusses prevention by taking into consideration certain issues raised by scientific literature

Filtering Inequality: Screening and Knowledge in Senegal's Topography of Hepatitis B Care

Only a fraction of the estimated tenth or so of Senegalese who are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been diagnosed. Of these, few have been assessed for their risk of progressing to potentially fatal liver disease (indicating need for treatment), and fewer still are taking antiviral drugs. A massive gap between those needing and getting treatment is widely acknowledged among experts. But given that HBV and its biomedical treatment options are largely invisible in bodies, health data, care practices, public messaging, or mass media, how can we observe, ethnographically, the effects of constraints on and inequalities in treatment? What are the stakes of access to drugs, when this access is not being sought out, claimed, or enacted? This article tackles these questions by examining how HBV is being enacted in Senegal, but not necessarily in relation to antiviral treatment. I first describe the emergence, over the past decade and a half, of an exclusionary topography of HBV diagnosis and treatment. I introduce the notion of “filtration” to describe the effects of this topography on the formation of potential “subjects of access.” The diagnostic therapies and expertise required to determine need for treatment are expensive, urban, and largely privatized. Moreover, knowledge about HBV and its possibilities of care circulates in narrow and sparsely distributed channels. Only a tiny minority of persons are effectively “filtered into” care, while issues of access remain largely outside of public debate. I then move onto small-scale efforts, led by rural primary health workers and community associations, to raise awareness of and expand screening for HBV. Those driving information and screening either do not reveal that effective drugs exist or locate these beyond the reach of most of their audiences or patients. Why then do they do it? I examine the logics and effects of their work to identify the forms of inclusion, care, efficacy, and explanation these open up. At the same time, I seek to discern the indirect effects of unequal access to knowledge and resources in the ambivalence, uncertainties, and contradictions that pervade these efforts to inform, diagnose, and advise