Remittances as pure or precautionary investment? Risk, savings and return migration

This paper provides a theory of migrants? decisions to remit and save under uncertainty in connection with future location decisions. We show that the impact of remittances on the risk faced by the migrant is more complex than usually acknowledged. On the one hand, their effect on aggregate risk is non-monotonic. On the other hand, their impact on the geographical location of risk might be counter-intuitive, as remittances increase the migrant?s exposure to risk in the origin country. Also, marginal returns to remittances may be increasing, at least locally, due to the endogeneity of the future location. Interior solutions are therefore not guaranteed, and liquidity constraints faced by migrants may be binding. Finally, undocumented migrants are shown to be more likely to remit than legal migrants.return migration; remittances; risk; investment

Student and Worker Mobility under University and Government Competition

We provide a normative analysis of endogenous student and worker mobility in the presence of diverging interests between universities and governments. Student mobility generates a university competition effect which induces them to overinvest in education, whereas worker mobility generates a free-rider effect for governments, who are not willing to subsidize the education of agents who will work abroad. At equilibrium, the free-rider effect always dominates the competition effect, resulting in underinvestment in human capital and overinvestment in research. This inefficiency can be corrected if a transnational transfer for mobile students is implemented. With endogenous income taxation, we show that the strength of fiscal competition increases with human capital production. Consequently, supranational policies aimed at promoting teaching quality reduce tax revenues at the expense of research.student mobility, worker mobility, university competition, government competition

Characterization of hepatic polarity formation and its contribution to liver architecture emergence during mouse development

Background: The liver occupies a central function in homeostasis maintenance. Its functions depend on a fine architecture allowing each parenchymal cell, the hepatocytes, to contact both the vasculature and to contribute to the formation of the bile canaliculi network. To separate two compartment, epithelial cells like hepatocytes must develop a specific organization: polarity. In the liver, the bile canaliculi network and vasculature are organized as two tightly intertwined networks. To achieve contact with both, the hepatocytes must acquire a complex polarity composed of multiple axes. The study of this organization is the focus of intense research. A lot of attention is put on the understanding of the established structure in the adult organ and the regeneration of this structure in case of injury. With a progressing understanding of this organization comes the interrogation on how it is established during development. Furthermore, a proper understanding of the establishment process is central to develop reliable in vitro systems or organ-on-a-chip approaches. Questions: In this context we have decided to address the following questions: - When and how is multipolar polarity established. - Can this establishment be correlated to any extracellular cue in vivo. Methods: To address these questions we have fixed, stained, imaged, and reconstructed large volumes of embryonic liver tissue at several consecutive stages of development. We looked at polarized trafficking and junctional markers to follow polarity establishment. We looked at ECM and cell division markers to correlate cues susceptible to guide polarization. We also performed in vitro experiments to further explore the hypotheses formulated along the way based on in vivo observations. Conclusion: This study led us to conclude that multipolar polarity arises from both lumen tubular elongation and multiple lumen formation. The formation of multiple lumina involves the movement of a Rab11 vesicular cluster and independent junctional plate formation. Our study suggests that ZO-1 could be involved in the synchronization between vesicular cluster movement and junction plate formation. Finally, we could not link cell division to polarization, however, we could correlate fibronectin distribution to potential early polarization events

A Critique of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Framework in Epidemiology and Public Health: Uses and Misuses

International audienceAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have emerged as a major research theme. They make reference to an array of potentially harmful exposures occurring from birth to eighteen years of age and may be involved in the construction of health inequalities over the lifecourse. As with many simplified concepts, ACEs present limitations. They include diverse types of exposures, are often considered cumulatively, can be identified using prospective and retrospective approaches, and their multidimensional nature may lead to greater measurement error. From a public health perspective, ACEs are useful for describing the need to act upon complex social environments to prevent health inequalities at a population level. As the ACEs concept becomes popular in the context of policy interventions, concerns have emerged. As a probabilistic and population-level tool, it is not adapted to diagnose individual-level vulnerabilities, an approach which could ultimately exacerbate inequalities. Here, we present a critique of the ACEs framework, discussing its strengths and limits

Health inequalities in cause-specific mortality in Costa Rica: a population-based cohort study

OBJECTIVE: To analyze health inequalities in cause-specific mortality in Costa Rica from 2010 to 2018, observing the main causes for inequality in the country. METHODS: The National Electoral Rolls were used to follow-up all Costa Rican adults aged 20 years or older from 2010 to 2018 (n = 2,739,733) in an ecological study. A parametric survival model based on the Gompertz distribution was performed and the event death was classified according to the ICD-10. RESULTS: After adjustment for urbanicity, the poorest districts had a higher mortality than the wealthier districts for most causes of death except neoplasms, mental and behavioral disorders, and diseases of the nervous system. Urban districts showed significantly higher mortality than mixed and rural districts after adjustment for wealth for most causes except mental and behavioral disorders, diseases of the nervous system, and diseases of the respiratory system. Differences according to wealth were more frequent in women than men, whereas differences according to urbanicity were more frequent in men than in women. CONCLUSIONS: The study’s findings were consistent, but not fully similar, to the international literature