Un « petit supérieur » : pratiques d’orientation en section de technicien supérieur

Les taux croissants de poursuite d’études à l’issue des sections de technicien supérieur (STS) ne semblent pas pouvoir être expliqués comme des détournements de ces filières courtes par leurs étudiants. En effet, les publics de ces formations, pour moitié d’origine populaire, ne disposent pas des ressources économiques et sociales pour mener de telles stratégies scolaires. La conduite d’une enquête statistique auprès de 420 étudiants de première année de STS de l’agglomération nantaise, complétée par une série d’entretiens auprès de vingt d’entre eux, permet de mieux comprendre l’usage a priori paradoxal que les bacheliers populaires font de ces formations. Ainsi, ces « nouveaux étudiants» trouvent dans les STS les moyens de répondre dans le même temps à l’impératif de poursuite d’études et à l’injonction au projet professionnel, en progressant de proche en proche, au fil de leurs expérimentations scolaires et professionnelles.More and more students choose to continue their studies after having completed a two-year programme at a school of engineering. It seems that these practices cannot be viewed as a way for the students to misuse those short programmes since half of the students registered are middle class and therefore cannot economically or socially afford such strategies. A statistical survey done on 420 first-year students at a school of engineering in the suburbs of Nantes, completed by a series of interviews with twenty of them allows to better understand the choices – a priori rather paradoxical – that middle-class high-school graduate students make regarding those two-year programmes. Thus these “new” students find that those two-year programmes of engineering are a good way to feel their imperative need to continue their studies and meet the requirements of their career projects while progressing step by step, as they build their school and professional experiences.Los índices crecientes de continuación de estudios tras haber cursado secciones de técnico superior (STS) no parecen poder ser explicados como una forma de desviación por los estudiantes de esos itinerarios cortos. En efecto, el público de esas formaciones, la mitad de origen popular, no goza de los recursos económicos y sociales para llevar a cabo tales estrategias escolares. La realización de una encuesta estadística acerca de 420 estudiantes de primer año de técnico superior de la aglomeración de la ciudad de Nantes, completada por una serie de entrevistas hechas a veintiún estudiantes, permite entender mejor el uso a priori paradójico que los estudiantes populares con un título de bachillerato, hacen de dichas formaciones. Así, estos « nuevos estudiantes » encuentran en las STS los medios que responden al mismo tiempo a la obligación de continuación de estudios y a la exigencia del cumplimiento del proyecto profesional, progresando poco a poco, a lo largo de sus experimentaciones escolares y profesionales.Die wachsenden Quoten der Studenten, die nach den STS ein Aufbaustudium absolvieren, können anscheinend nicht als einen Mißbrauch dieser Bildungsgänge durch ihre Studenten betrachtet werden. Die Studenten in diesen Studiengängen, die zur Hälfte aus dem Arbeitermilieu stammen, verfügen nämlich nicht über ausreichende ökonomische und soziale Mittel, um solche schulischen Strategien zu führen. Eine statistische Untersuchung bei 420 STS-Studenten im ersten Semester im Raum Nantes erlaubt eine bessere Verständigung von dem von vornherein paradoxen Gebrauch, das die Abiturienten aus dem Arbeitermilieu von diesen Ausbildungen machen. Somit finden diese „neuen Studenten“ in den STS eine Möglichkeit, gleichzeitig dem Erfordernis, das Studium weiter zu machen und dem Gebot des beruflichen Projekts entgegen zu kommen, in dem sie nach und nach – je nach schulischen und beruflichen Erfahrungen – vorangehen

Christine Fontanini, Orientation et parcours des filles et des garçons dans l’enseignement supérieur

L’ouvrage de Christine Fontanini constitue une importante synthèse des recherches sur l’évolution des choix d’orientation des filles et des garçons dans l’enseignement supérieur depuis une trentaine d’années. Les travaux convoqués sont principalement issus de la sociologie, de la psychologie et des sciences de l’éducation. L’auteure complète cette revue de la littérature par la mobilisation de résultats issus de ses propres recherches sur l’orientation des filles dans les classes préparatoire..

Nouveaux étudiants et appropriations hérétiques de l’Université en France

En nous intéressant à l’entrée en premier cycle universitaire français d’étudiants de première génération (c’est-à-dire dont les parents n’ont pas fait d’études supérieures), issus des baccalauréats technologiques et professionnels des lycées, nous souhaitons ici montrer la pertinence de l’analyse du « jeu universitaire » telle qu’elle est proposée par Pierre Bourdieu et Jean-Claude Passeron en 1964 dans Les Héritiers. En effet, les chances d’accès, de présence et de réussite à l’Université ne se réduisent pas à la possession de compétences d’ordre uniquement scolaire, mais renvoient plus largement à la possession d’un capital culturel spécifique. Il apparait ainsi que l’échec en premier cycle universitaire n’a pas que des fondements scolaires (maîtrise des savoirs fondamentaux), mais implique également, et parfois essentiellement, des désajustements d’ordre proprement social (comportement déplacé, attitude décalée, etc.) pouvant faire l’objet d’humiliations diverses et finalement d’une stigmatisation de la part des acteurs de l’orientation scolaire, des enseignants et des autres étudiants. Mots-clés: Étudiants; Université; Diplômes professionnels; Échec; Capital culturel

A descontinuidade do tempo na filosofia cartesiana

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marco Antonio ValentimDissertaçao (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia. Defesa: Curitiba, 28/01/2013Inclui referênciasÁrea de concentração: FilosofiaResumo: O objetivo dessa dissertação é discutir a existência ou não de uma hipótese implícita sobre a descontinuidade do tempo na filosofia cartesiana. Como esse problema não se limita a interpretação de apenas um trecho e se distribui por toda a filosofia cartesiana, serão abordados três temas que oferecem a oportunidade de discutir esse problema: o cogito, a tese da criação contínua e a rejeição da velocidade na física. A hipótese dessa dissertação é que todas as dificuldades relativas à descontinuidade do tempo tem raiz na dificuldade de compreensão da reformulação da ontologia executada por Descartes. Os interlocutores contemporâneos a ele tinham a dificuldade de compreender como Descartes dava conta da mudança sem levar em consideração as formas substancias. Os seus críticos posteriores serão orientados principalmente pelas observações de Leibniz contra a física cartesiana, que se limitou à Estática. O problema do cogito, segundo os autores que defendem a descontinuidade do tempo, se baseia no modelo epistemológico da primeira certeza deveria ser uma intuição reduzida em instante. A maior parte dos trechos que sustentam essa leitura se refere à insistência de Descartes que a essência do pensamento é apenas o pensamento. A exclusão de todos os outros elementos leva ao entendimento de que o tempo também é excluído. Na tese da criação contínua Descartes afirma a divisibilidade do tempo em partes indivisíveis, que confirma a hipótese de que a natureza do tempo é composta por partes descontínuas. A interpretação dessa tese tem consequências na duração do pensamento e na explicação da causa do movimento. Se o tempo for descontínuo a tese da criação contínua será o elemento da filosofia cartesiana que explica por meio da ação divina a existência do movimento e o prosseguimento de um raciocínio. No entanto, será defendido que o papel da criação contínua é limitar a eficácia da criação a Deus e tratar a física e a epistemologia apenas pela análise das relações dos modos que existem em cada uma das duas substâncias. Finalmente, na Física, Descartes explicitamente rejeita o uso da velocidade. Isso colabora para as leituras que defendem a descontinuidade do tempo. Entretanto, será defendido que a rejeição da velocidade não é justificada por problemas metafísicos do tempo, ela é apenas uma opção metodológica. Palavras-chave: intuição, divisibilidade, tempo.Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to discuss if there is or if there isn't an implicit hypothesis of the discontinuity of time in Cartesian philosophy. Since this problem is not limited to the interpretation of a single text and it is spread along all Cartesian philosophy, it will be discussed three themes that are related it: the cogito, the thesis of continuous creation and the rejection of speed in his physics. The hypothesis in this dissertation is that all difficulties that justify the discontinuity of time emerge from the difficulty of understanding the reformulation of the ontology made by Descartes. The contemporary Cartesian interlocutors had the difficulty of understanding how Descartes explained change without taking in account substantial forms. His later critics will be guided mainly by Leibniz's critique of the Cartesian physics, which dealt only with Statics. The cogito problem was that according to the authors that defend the discontinuity the epistemological model of the first truth was equal to an instantaneous intuition. The text that support that interpretation speak about Descartes' insistence that the mind's essence was only the thought. The elimination of all other elements directs to understand that time is also excluded. In the thesis of continuous creation Descartes assert that time is divisible in indivisible parts, which is in accord with the hypothesis the time is composed of discontinuous parts. This way of understanding this thesis has consequence to the duration of thought and to the cause of movement. If time is discontinuous the thesis of continuous creation will be what explains in Cartesian philosophy, by means of god's action, the existence of movement and the continuity of any reasoning. However, it will be defended that continuous creation has the function of limiting the ontological efficacy of creation to God and to limit physics and epistemology to only the analysis of the relations between the modes that exists in each of the substances. Finally, in physics, Descartes will openly reject the use of speed. This corroborates the defense of discontinuity, but it will be defended that this rejection is not justified by metaphysical problems since it is only a methodological option

Quand étudier, c’est travailler. Cadres institués des études et perspectives étudiantes

Les travaux portant sur les étudiant.es constituent un domaine investi par la recherche sociologique en France depuis les années 1960 (Bourdieu & Passeron, 1964 ; Molinari, 1992 ; Baudelot, Establet, Benoliel et al., 1981 ; Galland, 1996 ; Erlich, 1998 ; Felouzis, 2001 ; Gruel, Galland & Houzel, 2009) du fait notamment de la hausse significative de leurs effectifs à partir de cette époque. Plusieurs dimensions de la vie étudiante ont ainsi été étudiées : les trajectoires de formation, les res..

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-mediated actin dynamics control type-I interferon production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells

Mutations in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) protein (WASp), a regulator of actin dynamics in hematopoietic cells, cause WAS, an X-linked primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent infections and a marked predisposition to develop autoimmune disorders. The mechanisms that link actin alterations to the autoimmune phenotype are still poorly understood. We show that chronic activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and elevated type-I interferon (IFN) levels play a role in WAS autoimmunity. WAS patients display increased expression of type-I IFN genes and their inducible targets, alteration in pD

Gram-Negative Bacterial Sensors for Eukaryotic Signal Molecules

Ample evidence exists showing that eukaryotic signal molecules synthesized and released by the host can activate the virulence of opportunistic pathogens. The sensitivity of prokaryotes to host signal molecules requires the presence of bacterial sensors. These prokaryotic sensors, or receptors, have a double function: stereospecific recognition in a complex environment and transduction of the message in order to initiate bacterial physiological modifications. As messengers are generally unable to freely cross the bacterial membrane, they require either the presence of sensors anchored in the membrane or transporters allowing direct recognition inside the bacterial cytoplasm. Since the discovery of quorum sensing, it was established that the production of virulence factors by bacteria is tightly growth-phase regulated. It is now obvious that expression of bacterial virulence is also controlled by detection of the eukaryotic messengers released in the micro-environment as endocrine or neuro-endocrine modulators. In the presence of host physiological stress many eukaryotic factors are released and detected by Gram-negative bacteria which in return rapidly adapt their physiology. For instance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa can bind elements of the host immune system such as interferon-γ and dynorphin and then through quorum sensing circuitry enhance its virulence. Escherichia coli sensitivity to the neurohormones of the catecholamines family appears relayed by a recently identified bacterial adrenergic receptor. In the present review, we will describe the mechanisms by which various eukaryotic signal molecules produced by host may activate Gram-negative bacteria virulence. Particular attention will be paid to Pseudomonas, a genus whose representative species, P. aeruginosa, is a common opportunistic pathogen. The discussion will be particularly focused on the pivotal role played by these new types of pathogen sensors from the sensing to the transduction mechanism involved in virulence factors regulation. Finally, we will discuss the consequence of the impact of host signal molecules on commensally or opportunistic pathogens associated with different human tissue

Dolutegravir twice-daily dosing in children with HIV-associated tuberculosis: a pharmacokinetic and safety study within the open-label, multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority ODYSSEY trial

Background: Children with HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) have few antiretroviral therapy (ART) options. We aimed to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir twice-daily dosing in children receiving rifampicin for HIV-associated TB. Methods: We nested a two-period, fixed-order pharmacokinetic substudy within the open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority ODYSSEY trial at research centres in South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Children (aged 4 weeks to <18 years) with HIV-associated TB who were receiving rifampicin and twice-daily dolutegravir were eligible for inclusion. We did a 12-h pharmacokinetic profile on rifampicin and twice-daily dolutegravir and a 24-h profile on once-daily dolutegravir. Geometric mean ratios for trough plasma concentration (Ctrough), area under the plasma concentration time curve from 0 h to 24 h after dosing (AUC0–24 h), and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were used to compare dolutegravir concentrations between substudy days. We assessed rifampicin Cmax on the first substudy day. All children within ODYSSEY with HIV-associated TB who received rifampicin and twice-daily dolutegravir were included in the safety analysis. We described adverse events reported from starting twice-daily dolutegravir to 30 days after returning to once-daily dolutegravir. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02259127), EudraCT (2014–002632-14), and the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN91737921). Findings: Between Sept 20, 2016, and June 28, 2021, 37 children with HIV-associated TB (median age 11·9 years [range 0·4–17·6], 19 [51%] were female and 18 [49%] were male, 36 [97%] in Africa and one [3%] in Thailand) received rifampicin with twice-daily dolutegravir and were included in the safety analysis. 20 (54%) of 37 children enrolled in the pharmacokinetic substudy, 14 of whom contributed at least one evaluable pharmacokinetic curve for dolutegravir, including 12 who had within-participant comparisons. Geometric mean ratios for rifampicin and twice-daily dolutegravir versus once-daily dolutegravir were 1·51 (90% CI 1·08–2·11) for Ctrough, 1·23 (0·99–1·53) for AUC0–24 h, and 0·94 (0·76–1·16) for Cmax. Individual dolutegravir Ctrough concentrations were higher than the 90% effective concentration (ie, 0·32 mg/L) in all children receiving rifampicin and twice-daily dolutegravir. Of 18 children with evaluable rifampicin concentrations, 15 (83%) had a Cmax of less than the optimal target concentration of 8 mg/L. Rifampicin geometric mean Cmax was 5·1 mg/L (coefficient of variation 71%). During a median follow-up of 31 weeks (IQR 30–40), 15 grade 3 or higher adverse events occurred among 11 (30%) of 37 children, ten serious adverse events occurred among eight (22%) children, including two deaths (one tuberculosis-related death, one death due to traumatic injury); no adverse events, including deaths, were considered related to dolutegravir. Interpretation: Twice-daily dolutegravir was shown to be safe and sufficient to overcome the rifampicin enzyme-inducing effect in children, and could provide a practical ART option for children with HIV-associated TB

Neuropsychiatric manifestations and sleep disturbances with dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy versus standard of care in children and adolescents: a secondary analysis of the ODYSSEY trial

BACKGROUND: Cohort studies in adults with HIV showed that dolutegravir was associated with neuropsychiatric adverse events and sleep problems, yet data are scarce in children and adolescents. We aimed to evaluate neuropsychiatric manifestations in children and adolescents treated with dolutegravir-based treatment versus alternative antiretroviral therapy. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of ODYSSEY, an open-label, multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority trial, in which adolescents and children initiating first-line or second-line antiretroviral therapy were randomly assigned 1:1 to dolutegravir-based treatment or standard-of-care treatment. We assessed neuropsychiatric adverse events (reported by clinicians) and responses to the mood and sleep questionnaires (reported by the participant or their carer) in both groups. We compared the proportions of patients with neuropsychiatric adverse events (neurological, psychiatric, and total), time to first neuropsychiatric adverse event, and participant-reported responses to questionnaires capturing issues with mood, suicidal thoughts, and sleep problems. FINDINGS: Between Sept 20, 2016, and June 22, 2018, 707 participants were enrolled, of whom 345 (49%) were female and 362 (51%) were male, and 623 (88%) were Black-African. Of 707 participants, 350 (50%) were randomly assigned to dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy and 357 (50%) to non-dolutegravir-based standard-of-care. 311 (44%) of 707 participants started first-line antiretroviral therapy (ODYSSEY-A; 145 [92%] of 157 participants had efavirenz-based therapy in the standard-of-care group), and 396 (56%) of 707 started second-line therapy (ODYSSEY-B; 195 [98%] of 200 had protease inhibitor-based therapy in the standard-of-care group). During follow-up (median 142 weeks, IQR 124–159), 23 participants had 31 neuropsychiatric adverse events (15 in the dolutegravir group and eight in the standard-of-care group; difference in proportion of participants with ≥1 event p=0·13). 11 participants had one or more neurological events (six and five; p=0·74) and 14 participants had one or more psychiatric events (ten and four; p=0·097). Among 14 participants with psychiatric events, eight participants in the dolutegravir group and four in standard-of-care group had suicidal ideation or behaviour. More participants in the dolutegravir group than the standard-of-care group reported symptoms of self-harm (eight vs one; p=0·025), life not worth living (17 vs five; p=0·0091), or suicidal thoughts (13 vs none; p=0·0006) at one or more follow-up visits. Most reports were transient. There were no differences by treatment group in low mood or feeling sad, problems concentrating, feeling worried or feeling angry or aggressive, sleep problems, or sleep quality. INTERPRETATION: The numbers of neuropsychiatric adverse events and reported neuropsychiatric symptoms were low. However, numerically more participants had psychiatric events and reported suicidality ideation in the dolutegravir group than the standard-of-care group. These differences should be interpreted with caution in an open-label trial. Clinicians and policy makers should consider including suicidality screening of children or adolescents receiving dolutegravir

Des ambitions raisonnables et raisonnées: Accéder à l’enseignement supérieur par les IUT et les STS

International audienceA large number of students enter STS or IUT after the baccalaureate by default, either because they have given up their candidacy in another form of education they prefer because of their low school level, or they were not admitted. While these two formations receive bachelor graduates who are able to reduce their own academic ambitions, this cooling out of the aspirations is not experienced in the same way. While candidates for entry into STS are still in the process of academic success, many candidates for entry into IUT qualify their orientation as “reasonable”. This difference is due both to the differences in the sociography of the respective students of these sectors, but also to their relative position in the segmented area of higher education.Un grand nombre d’élèves entrant en STS ou en IUT après le baccalauréat le font par défaut, soit qu’ils ont renoncé à candidater dans une autre formation qui avait leur préférence, du fait de leur niveau scolaire, soit qu’ils n’y ont pas été admis. Si ces deux formations accueillent des bacheliers qui en rabattent de leurs ambitions scolaires, cette modération des aspirations n’est pas vécue de la même manière. Tandis que les candidats à l’entrée en STS vivent malgré tout leur parcours sur le mode de la promotion scolaire, beaucoup de candidats à l’entrée en IUT qualifient leur orientation de « raisonnable ». Cette différence tient à la fois aux différences dans la sociographie des publics respectifs de ces filières mais aussi à leur position relative dans l’espace segmenté de l’enseignement supérieur