1,760 research outputs found
Strong latitudinal shear in the shallow convection zone of a rapidly rotating A-star
We have derived the mean broadening profile of the star V102 in the region of
the open cluster IC4665 from high resolution spectroscopy. At a projected
equatorial rotation velocity of vsini = (105 +- 12)km/s we find strong
deviation from classical rotation. We discuss several scenarios, the most
plausible being strong differential rotation in latitudinal direction. For this
scenario we find a difference in angular velocity of DeltaOmega = 3.6 +- 0.8
rad/d (DeltaOmega/Omega = 0.42 +- 0.09). From the Halpha line we derive a
spectral type of A9 and support photometric measurements classifying IC4665
V102 as a non-member of IC4665. At such early spectral type this is the
strongest case of differential rotation observed so far. Together with three
similar stars, IC4665 V102 seems to form a new class of objects that exhibit
extreme latitudinal shear in a very shallow convective envelope.Comment: accepted for A&A Letter
A Volume-limited Sample of 63 M7-M9.5 Dwarfs II. Activity, magnetism, and the fade of the rotation-dominated dynamo
In a volume-limited sample of 63 ultracool dwarfs of spectral type M7-M9.5,
we have obtained high-resolution spectroscopy with UVES at the Very Large
Telescope and HIRES at Keck Observatory. In this second paper, we present
projected rotation velocities, average magnetic field strengths, and
chromospheric emission from the Halpha line. We confirm earlier results that
the mean level of normalized Halpha luminosity decreases with lower
temperature, and we find that the scatter among Halpha luminosities is larger
at lower temperature. We measure average magnetic fields between 0 and 4kG with
no indication for a dependence on temperature between M7 and M9.5. For a given
temperature, Halpha luminosity is related to magnetic field strength,
consistent with results in earlier stars. A few very slowly rotating stars show
very weak magnetic fields and Halpha emission, all stars rotating faster than
our detection limit show magnetic fields of at least a few hundred Gauss. In
contrast to earlier-type stars, we observe magnetic fields weaker than 1kG in
stars rotating faster than ~3km/s, but we find no correlation between rotation
and magnetic flux generation among them. We interpret this as a fundamental
change in the dynamo mechanism; in ultracool dwarfs, magnetic field generation
is predominantly achieved by a turbulent dynamo, while other mechanisms can
operate more efficiently at earlier spectral type.Comment: accepted by Ap
Spectral type dependent rotational braking and strong magnetic flux in three components of the late-M multiple system LHS 1070
We show individual high resolution spectra of components A, B, and C of the
nearby late-M type multiple system LHS 1070. Component A is a mid-M star, B and
C are known to have masses at the threshold to brown dwarfs. From our spectra
we measure rotation velocities and the mean magnetic field for all three
components individually. We find magnetic flux on the order of several
kilo-Gauss in all components. The rotation velocities of the two late-M objects
B and C are similar (vsini = 16km/s), the earlier A component is spinning only
at about half that rate. This suggests weakening of net rotational braking at
late-M spectral type, and that the lack of slowly rotating late-M and L dwarfs
is real. Furthermore, we found that magnetic flux in the B component is about
twice as strong as in component C at similar rotation rate. This indicates that
rotational braking is not proportional to magnetic field strength in fully
convective objects, and that a different field topology is the reason for the
weak braking in low mass objects.Comment: accepted for publication as A&A Lette
The effects of inclination, gravity darkening and differential rotation on absorption profiles of fast rotators
Mechanisms influencing absorption line profiles of fast rotating stars can be
sorted into two groups; (i) intrinsic variations sensitive to temperature and
pressure, and (ii) global effects common to all spectral lines. I present a
detailed study on the latter effects focusing on gravity darkening and
inclination for various rotational velocities and spectral types. It is shown
that the line shapes of rapidly and rigidly rotating stars mainly depend on the
equatorial velocity , not on the projected rotational velocity which determines the lines width. The influence of gravity darkening
and spectral type on the line profiles is shown. The results demonstrate the
possibility of determining the inclination angle of single fast rotators,
and they show that constraints on gravity darkening can be drawn for stellar
samples. While significant line profile deformation occurs in stars rotating as
fast as v_{\rm e} \ga 200 km s, for slower rotators profile distortion
are marginal. In these cases spectral signatures induced by, e.g., differential
rotation are not affected by gravity darkening and the methods applicable to
slow rotators can be applied to these faster rotators, too.Comment: 7 pages, accepted by A&
Biogeochemical processes in sagebrush steppe: Interactions of terrain, vegetation and chemical cycles
Publications, manuscripts in various stages of progress, presentations made at scientific meetings, and undergraduate honor thesis and one Ph.D. dissertation are contained
Modelling the molecular Zeeman effect in M-dwarfs: methods and first results
We present first quantitative results of the surface magnetic field
measurements in selected M-dwarfs based on detailed spectra synthesis conducted
simultaneously in atomic and molecular lines of the FeH Wing-Ford
transitions. A modified version of the Molecular
Zeeman Library (MZL) was used to compute Land\'e g-factors for FeH lines in
different Hund's cases. Magnetic spectra synthesis was performed with the
Synmast code. We show that the implementation of different Hund's case for FeH
states depending on their quantum numbers allows us to achieve a good fit to
the majority of lines in a sunspot spectrum in an automatic regime. Strong
magnetic fields are confirmed via the modelling of atomic and FeH lines for
three M-dwarfs YZ~CMi, EV~Lac, and AD~Leo, but their mean intensities are found
to be systematically lower than previously reported. A much weaker field
(~kG against ~kG) is required to fit FeH lines in the spectra of
GJ~1224. Our method allows us to measure average magnetic fields in very
low-mass stars from polarized radiative transfer. The obtained results indicate
that the fields reported in earlier works were probably overestimated by about
\%. Higher quality observations are needed for more definite results.Comment: Accepted by A&A, 13 pages, 7 figures, 1 tabl
Discovery of a nearby young brown dwarf binary candidate
In near-infrared NaCo observations of the young brown dwarf 2MASS
J0041353-562112, we discovered a companion a little less than a magnitude
fainter than the primary. The binary candidate has a separation of 143 mas, the
spectral types are M6.5 and M9.0 for the two components. Colors and flux ratios
are consistent with the components being located at the same distance
minimizing the probability of the secondary being a background object. The
brown dwarf is known to show Li absorption constraining the age to less than
~200 Myr, and it was suspected to show ongoing accretion, indicating an age as
low as ~10 Myr. We estimate distance and orbital parameters of the binary as a
function of age. For an age of 10 Myr, the distance to the system is 50 pc, the
orbital period is 126 yr, and the masses of the components are ~30 and ~15
MJup. The binary brown dwarf fills a so far unoccupied region in the parameters
mass and age; it is a valuable new benchmark object for brown dwarf atmospheric
and evolutionary models.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, accepted by A&
Activity-induced radial velocity jitter in a flaring M dwarf
We investigate the effect of stellar activity and flares on short-term radial
velocity measurements in the mid-M flare star CN Leo. Radial velocity
variations are calculated from 181 UVES spectra obtained during three nights.
We searched for spectral orders that contain very few atmospheric absorption
lines and calibrated them against the telluric A-band from O in the Earth's
atmosphere. One giant flare occurred during our observations, which has a very
strong effect on radial velocity. The apparent radial velocity shift due to the
flare is several hundred m s and clearly correlated with H
emission. Outside the flare, only spectral orders containing the most prominent
emission lines of H, He, and Ca show a correlation to chromospheric activity
together with a radial velocity jitter exceeding a few 10 m s. We
identify a number of spectral orders that are free of strong emission lines and
show no flaring-related radial velocity jitter, although flares occurred as
strong as 0.4 dex in normalized H luminosity. The mean radial velocity
jitter due to moderate flaring is less than 10 m s. Strong flares are
easily recognized directly in the spectra and should be neglected for planet
searches.Comment: accepted by A&
The First Direct Measurements of Magnetic Fields on Very Low-Mass Stars
We present the first direct magnetic field measurements on M dwarfs cooler
than spectral class M4.5. Utilizing a new method based on the effects of a
field on the FeH band near 1 micron, we obtain information on whether the
integrated surface magnetic flux (Bf) is low (well under 1 kilogauss),
intermediate (between 1 and about 2.5 kG), or strong (greater than about 3 kG)
on a set of stars ranging from M2 down to M9. We also measure the rotational
broadening (vsini) and Halpha emission for more than 20 stars. Our goal is to
advance the understanding of how dynamo field production varies with stellar
parameters for very low-mass stars, how the field and emission activity are
related, and whether there is a connection between the rotation and magnetic
flux. We find that fields are produced throughout the M-dwarfs. Among the early
M stars we have too few targets to yield conclusive results. In the mid-M
stars, there is a clear connection between slow rotation and weak fields. In
the late-M stars, rotation is always measureable, and the strongest fields go
with the most rapid rotators. These very cool rapid rotators have the largest
magnetic flux in the whole sample. Halpha emission is found to be a good
general proxy for magnetic fields. The drop-off in fractional emission near the
bottom of the main sequence is not accompanied by a drop-off in magnetic flux,
lending credence to the hypothesis that it is due to atmospheric coupling to
the field rather than changes in the field itself. It is clear that the
methodology we have developed can be further applied to discover more about the
behavior of magnetic dynamos and magnetic activity in cool and fully convective
objects.Comment: 33 pages, accepted by ApJ, abstract abbreviated for astro-p
3D simulations of M star atmosphere velocities and their influence on molecular FeH lines
We present an investigation of the velocity fields in early to late M-type
star hydrodynamic models, and we simulate their influence on FeH molecular line
shapes. The M star model parameters range between log g of 3.0 - 5.0 and Teff
of 2500 K and 4000 K. Our aim is to characterize the Teff- and log g
-dependence of the velocity fields and express them in terms of micro- and
macro-turbulent velocities in the one dimensional sense. We present also a
direct comparison between 3D hydrodynamical velocity fields and 1D turbulent
velocities. The velocity fields strongly affect the line shapes of FeH, and it
is our goal to give a rough estimate for the log g and Teff parameter range in
which 3D spectral synthesis is necessary and where 1D synthesis suffices. In
order to calculate M-star structure models we employ the 3D
radiative-hydrodynamics (RHD) code CO5BOLD. The spectral synthesis on these
models is performed with the line synthesis code LINFOR3D. We describe the 3D
velocity fields in terms of a Gaussian standard deviation and project them onto
the line of sight to include geometrical and limb-darkening effects. The micro-
and macro-turbulent velocities are determined with the "Curve of Growth" method
and convolution with a Gaussian velocity profile, respectively. To characterize
the log g and Teff dependence of FeH lines, the equivalent width, line width,
and line depth are regarded. The velocity fields in M-stars strongly depend on
log g and Teff. They become stronger with decreasing log g and increasing Teff.Comment: 14 pages, 17 figures, 3 tables, accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysic
- …