Estimación de esfuerzo en desarrollo de software ágil: Estudio del estado actual en Bogotá

Context: Over the years, numerous studies have been developed related to estimating effort in agile software development, which allow us to understand the advances that have been made and the need for their use in companies. Objective: To know the perspective of entrepreneurs from different organizations in Bogotá that work in the sector or are related to the development of agile software and those who have had projects related to the subject. Method: For the elaboration of the article, a bibliographic research is carried out. Results: The data obtained are from 314 respondents in the city of Bogotá, the main findings are: 1) For companies it is extremely important with (34%) the adoption of an effort estimation methodology. 2) The most used estimation technique is the use case point with (43.31%). 3) The most used effort predictor is the Code Line (38.85%) and followed by this STORY POINT with (33.76%). 4) The agile methodology adopted in companies is SCRUM with (43.95%). 5) As the most determining factor to estimate the effort, the team experience with (53.50%) is considered. 6) In the percentage of error between estimate of projected effort and real effort (26.75%) of the respondents determine that this 5% -25% is underestimated. 7) Finally, as a difficulty in your company to estimate the effort of projects through agile software development, the respondents recognize (26.11%) that the resources are the greatest. Conclusions: The estimation of effort is relatively variable, for many companies this depends on the needs of each one, on the other hand, the use of agile methodology and estimation techniques varies in its use depending on the cross between them and how they are used. complement each other.Contexto: A lo largo de los años se han desarrollado numerosos estudios relacionados con la estimación de esfuerzo en el desarrollo de software ágil los cuales permiten comprender los avances que han tenido y la necesidad de su uso en las empresas. Objetivo: Conocer la perspectiva de empresarios de distintas organizaciones de Bogotá que trabajan en el sector o estén relacionados con el desarrollo de software ágil y aquellos que han tenido proyectos relacionados con el tema. Método: Para la elaboración del artículo se realizar una investigación a nivel bibliográfico. Resultados: Los datos obtenidos son de 314 encuestados en la cuidad de Bogotá, los principales hallazgos son: 1) Para las compañías es sumamente importante con (34%) la adopción de una metodología de estimación de esfuerzo. 2) La técnica de estimación mas usada es el punto de caso de uso con (43,31%). 3) El predictor de esfuerzo mas utilizado es la Línea de código (38,85%) y seguida de este STORY POINT con (33,76%). 4) Como metodología ágil adoptada en las empresas se encuentra SCRUM con (43,95%). 5) Como factor mas determinante para estimar el esfuerzo es considerado la experiencia de equipo con (53,50%). 6) En el porcentaje de error entre estimación de esfuerzo proyectada y esfuerzo real el (26,75%) de los encuestados hacen determina que esta 5%-25% subestimada. 7) Finalmente, como dificultad en su empresa para estimar el esfuerzo de proyectos mediante desarrollo de software ágil los encuestados reconocer con (26,11%) que los recursos como el mayor. Conclusiones: La estimación de esfuerzo es relativamente variable, para muchas compañías esto depende también de las necesidades de cada una, por otro lado, el uso de metodología ágil y técnicas de estimación varia en su uso dependiendo del cruce que se de entre ellas y como se complementan entre sí

Proposal of strategic axes to identify opportunities and capabilities in digital transformation of organizations

This article compiles and consolidates a search for reference frameworks from sources such as university repositories, reports from public and private entities, technology journals, among other reliable sources that strengthen and offer value to the research conducted. In order to choose the most decisive frameworks for the construction of the article, three (3) inclusion criteria and five (5) exclusion criteria were proposed, which helped the authors to make a more specific and effective choice process, thus obtaining nine (9) reference frameworks that met the criteria proposed. In this way, the strengths and weaknesses of each chosen framework were identified, which led to the analysis of the strategic axes determining the most frequent that the authors of these raised within their proposal, allowing the construction of a proposal based on the most relevant axes considered to identify the opportunities and capabilities of digital transformation in organizations of any sector, size and regardless of whether or not they belong to digital business, reaching as a result four (4) strategic axes focused on the customer. Thus framing the importance that digital transformation represents for organizations seeking to stay in the market for a long time in a profitable way and likewise the benefits that this transformation brings when applied properly in organizations. Finally, the conclusions that the authors obtained from the research are presented and some ways to continue the research in future works are proposed, taking into account that the digital transformation is constantly updated with respect to today's volatile market.En el presente artículo se realiza una recopilación y consolidación de una búsqueda de marcos de referenca a partir de fuentes como repositorios universitarios, informes de entidades públicas y privadas, revistas de tecnología, entre otras fuentes confiables que fortalecen y ofrecen valor a la investigación realizada. Para elegir los marcos más determinantes para la construcción del artículo, se plantearon tres (3) criterios de inclusion y cinco (5) criterios de exclusion, lo que ayudó a los autores a realizar un proceso de elección más específico y efectivo, obteniendo así nueve (9) marcos de referencia que cumplieron con los criterios planteados. De esta manera, se identificaron las fortalezas y debilidades de cada marco escogido, lo que llevó a realizar el análisis de los ejes estratégicos determinando los más frecuentes que los autores de estos plantearon dentro de su propuesta, permitiendo la construcción de una propuesta basada en los ejes más relevantes considerados para identificar las oportunidades y capacidades de la transformación digital en las organizaciones de cualquier sector, tamaño e independientemente si pertenecen o no a los negocios digitales, alcanzando como resultado cuatro (4) ejes estratégicos enfocados en el cliente. Enmarcando así la importancia que la transformación digital representa para las organizaciones que buscan quedarse en el mercado por un largo tiempo de forma rentable y así mismo los beneficios que esta transformación trae consigo al ser aplicada de forma adecuada en las organizaciones. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones que los autores obtuvieron de la investigación realizada y se proponen algunas formas de continuar la investigación en trabajos futuros teniendo en cuenta que la transformación digital está en constante actualización respecto al mecado volátil de hoy en día

Predictive Power of the "Trigger Tool" for the detection of adverse events in general surgery: a multicenter observational validation study

Background In spite of the global implementation of standardized surgical safety checklists and evidence-based practices, general surgery remains associated with a high residual risk of preventable perioperative complications and adverse events. This study was designed to validate the hypothesis that a new “Trigger Tool” represents a sensitive predictor of adverse events in general surgery. Methods An observational multicenter validation study was performed among 31 hospitals in Spain. The previously described “Trigger Tool” based on 40 specific triggers was applied to validate the predictive power of predicting adverse events in the perioperative care of surgical patients. A prediction model was used by means of a binary logistic regression analysis. Results The prevalence of adverse events among a total of 1,132 surgical cases included in this study was 31.53%. The “Trigger Tool” had a sensitivity and specificity of 86.27% and 79.55% respectively for predicting these adverse events. A total of 12 selected triggers of overall 40 triggers were identified for optimizing the predictive power of the “Trigger Tool”. Conclusions The “Trigger Tool” has a high predictive capacity for predicting adverse events in surgical procedures. We recommend a revision of the original 40 triggers to 12 selected triggers to optimize the predictive power of this tool, which will have to be validated in future studies

Clustering COVID-19 ARDS patients through the first days of ICU admission. An analysis of the CIBERESUCICOVID Cohort

Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be classified into sub-phenotypes according to different inflammatory/clinical status. Prognostic enrichment was achieved by grouping patients into hypoinflammatory or hyperinflammatory sub-phenotypes, even though the time of analysis may change the classification according to treatment response or disease evolution. We aimed to evaluate when patients can be clustered in more than 1 group, and how they may change the clustering of patients using data of baseline or day 3, and the prognosis of patients according to their evolution by changing or not the cluster.Methods Multicenter, observational prospective, and retrospective study of patients admitted due to ARDS related to COVID-19 infection in Spain. Patients were grouped according to a clustering mixed-type data algorithm (k-prototypes) using continuous and categorical readily available variables at baseline and day 3.Results Of 6205 patients, 3743 (60%) were included in the study. According to silhouette analysis, patients were grouped in two clusters. At baseline, 1402 (37%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2341(63%) in cluster 2. On day 3, 1557(42%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2086 (57%) in cluster 2. The patients included in cluster 2 were older and more frequently hypertensive and had a higher prevalence of shock, organ dysfunction, inflammatory biomarkers, and worst respiratory indexes at both time points. The 90-day mortality was higher in cluster 2 at both clustering processes (43.8% [n = 1025] versus 27.3% [n = 383] at baseline, and 49% [n = 1023] versus 20.6% [n = 321] on day 3). Four hundred and fifty-eight (33%) patients clustered in the first group were clustered in the second group on day 3. In contrast, 638 (27%) patients clustered in the second group were clustered in the first group on day 3.Conclusions During the first days, patients can be clustered into two groups and the process of clustering patients may change as they continue to evolve. This means that despite a vast majority of patients remaining in the same cluster, a minority reaching 33% of patients analyzed may be re-categorized into different clusters based on their progress. Such changes can significantly impact their prognosis

The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation

Improved functionalization of oleic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can providemultiple benefits for biomedical applications in aqueous environments such asmagnetic separation or magnetic resonance imaging. To increase the colloidal stability and allow subsequent reactions, the introduction of hydrophilic functional groups onto the particles’ surface is essential. During this process, the original coating is exchanged by preferably covalently bonded ligands such as trialkoxysilanes. The duration of the silane exchange reaction, which commonly takes more than 24 h, is an important drawback for this approach. In this paper, we present a novel method, which introduces ultrasonication as an energy source to dramatically accelerate this process, resulting in high-quality waterdispersible nanoparticles around 10 nmin size. To prove the generic character, different functional groups were introduced on the surface including polyethylene glycol chains, carboxylic acid, amine, and thiol groups. Their colloidal stability in various aqueous buffer solutions as well as human plasma and serum was investigated to allow implementation in biomedical and sensing applications.status: publishe

Effects of alirocumab on types of myocardial infarction: insights from the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial

Aims  The third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (MI) Task Force classified MIs into five types: Type 1, spontaneous; Type 2, related to oxygen supply/demand imbalance; Type 3, fatal without ascertainment of cardiac biomarkers; Type 4, related to percutaneous coronary intervention; and Type 5, related to coronary artery bypass surgery. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction with statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors reduces risk of MI, but less is known about effects on types of MI. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES compared the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab with placebo in 18 924 patients with recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and elevated LDL-C (≥1.8 mmol/L) despite intensive statin therapy. In a pre-specified analysis, we assessed the effects of alirocumab on types of MI. Methods and results  Median follow-up was 2.8 years. Myocardial infarction types were prospectively adjudicated and classified. Of 1860 total MIs, 1223 (65.8%) were adjudicated as Type 1, 386 (20.8%) as Type 2, and 244 (13.1%) as Type 4. Few events were Type 3 (n = 2) or Type 5 (n = 5). Alirocumab reduced first MIs [hazard ratio (HR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77–0.95; P = 0.003], with reductions in both Type 1 (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77–0.99; P = 0.032) and Type 2 (0.77, 0.61–0.97; P = 0.025), but not Type 4 MI. Conclusion  After ACS, alirocumab added to intensive statin therapy favourably impacted on Type 1 and 2 MIs. The data indicate for the first time that a lipid-lowering therapy can attenuate the risk of Type 2 MI. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction below levels achievable with statins is an effective preventive strategy for both MI types.For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz299</p

4to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

Este volumen acoge la memoria académica de la Cuarta edición del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2017, desarrollado entre el 29 de noviembre y el 1 de diciembre de 2017 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS) en su sede de Guayaquil. El Congreso ofreció un espacio para la presentación, difusión e intercambio de importantes investigaciones nacionales e internacionales ante la comunidad universitaria que se dio cita en el encuentro. El uso de herramientas tecnológicas para la gestión de los trabajos de investigación como la plataforma Open Conference Systems y la web de presentación del Congreso http://citis.blog.ups.edu.ec/, hicieron de CITIS 2017 un verdadero referente entre los congresos que se desarrollaron en el país. La preocupación de nuestra Universidad, de presentar espacios que ayuden a generar nuevos y mejores cambios en la dimensión humana y social de nuestro entorno, hace que se persiga en cada edición del evento la presentación de trabajos con calidad creciente en cuanto a su producción científica. Quienes estuvimos al frente de la organización, dejamos plasmado en estas memorias académicas el intenso y prolífico trabajo de los días de realización del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad al alcance de todos y todas

Effect of alirocumab on mortality after acute coronary syndromes. An analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES randomized clinical trial

Background: Previous trials of PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9) inhibitors demonstrated reductions in major adverse cardiovascular events, but not death. We assessed the effects of alirocumab on death after index acute coronary syndrome. Methods: ODYSSEY OUTCOMES (Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes After an Acute Coronary Syndrome During Treatment With Alirocumab) was a double-blind, randomized comparison of alirocumab or placebo in 18 924 patients who had an ACS 1 to 12 months previously and elevated atherogenic lipoproteins despite intensive statin therapy. Alirocumab dose was blindly titrated to target achieved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) between 25 and 50 mg/dL. We examined the effects of treatment on all-cause death and its components, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death, with log-rank testing. Joint semiparametric models tested associations between nonfatal cardiovascular events and cardiovascular or noncardiovascular death. Results: Median follow-up was 2.8 years. Death occurred in 334 (3.5%) and 392 (4.1%) patients, respectively, in the alirocumab and placebo groups (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.98; P=0.03, nominal P value). This resulted from nonsignificantly fewer cardiovascular (240 [2.5%] vs 271 [2.9%]; HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.05; P=0.15) and noncardiovascular (94 [1.0%] vs 121 [1.3%]; HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.01; P=0.06) deaths with alirocumab. In a prespecified analysis of 8242 patients eligible for ≥3 years follow-up, alirocumab reduced death (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.94; P=0.01). Patients with nonfatal cardiovascular events were at increased risk for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular deaths (P<0.0001 for the associations). Alirocumab reduced total nonfatal cardiovascular events (P<0.001) and thereby may have attenuated the number of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular deaths. A post hoc analysis found that, compared to patients with lower LDL-C, patients with baseline LDL-C ≥100 mg/dL (2.59 mmol/L) had a greater absolute risk of death and a larger mortality benefit from alirocumab (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.90; Pinteraction=0.007). In the alirocumab group, all-cause death declined wit h achieved LDL-C at 4 months of treatment, to a level of approximately 30 mg/dL (adjusted P=0.017 for linear trend). Conclusions: Alirocumab added to intensive statin therapy has the potential to reduce death after acute coronary syndrome, particularly if treatment is maintained for ≥3 years, if baseline LDL-C is ≥100 mg/dL, or if achieved LDL-C is low. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01663402

Estimación de esfuerzo en desarrollo de software ágil: Estudio del estado actual en Bogotá

Context: Over the years, numerous studies have been developed related to estimating effort in agile software development, which allow us to understand the advances that have been made and the need for their use in companies. Objective: To know the perspective of entrepreneurs from different organizations in Bogotá that work in the sector or are related to the development of agile software and those who have had projects related to the subject. Method: For the elaboration of the article, a bibliographic research is carried out. Results: The data obtained are from 314 respondents in the city of Bogotá, the main findings are: 1) For companies it is extremely important with (34%) the adoption of an effort estimation methodology. 2) The most used estimation technique is the use case point with (43.31%). 3) The most used effort predictor is the Code Line (38.85%) and followed by this STORY POINT with (33.76%). 4) The agile methodology adopted in companies is SCRUM with (43.95%). 5) As the most determining factor to estimate the effort, the team experience with (53.50%) is considered. 6) In the percentage of error between estimate of projected effort and real effort (26.75%) of the respondents determine that this 5% -25% is underestimated. 7) Finally, as a difficulty in your company to estimate the effort of projects through agile software development, the respondents recognize (26.11%) that the resources are the greatest. Conclusions: The estimation of effort is relatively variable, for many companies this depends on the needs of each one, on the other hand, the use of agile methodology and estimation techniques varies in its use depending on the cross between them and how they are used. complement each other.Contexto: A lo largo de los años se han desarrollado numerosos estudios relacionados con la estimación de esfuerzo en el desarrollo de software ágil los cuales permiten comprender los avances que han tenido y la necesidad de su uso en las empresas. Objetivo: Conocer la perspectiva de empresarios de distintas organizaciones de Bogotá que trabajan en el sector o estén relacionados con el desarrollo de software ágil y aquellos que han tenido proyectos relacionados con el tema. Método: Para la elaboración del artículo se realizar una investigación a nivel bibliográfico. Resultados: Los datos obtenidos son de 314 encuestados en la cuidad de Bogotá, los principales hallazgos son: 1) Para las compañías es sumamente importante con (34%) la adopción de una metodología de estimación de esfuerzo. 2) La técnica de estimación mas usada es el punto de caso de uso con (43,31%). 3) El predictor de esfuerzo mas utilizado es la Línea de código (38,85%) y seguida de este STORY POINT con (33,76%). 4) Como metodología ágil adoptada en las empresas se encuentra SCRUM con (43,95%). 5) Como factor mas determinante para estimar el esfuerzo es considerado la experiencia de equipo con (53,50%). 6) En el porcentaje de error entre estimación de esfuerzo proyectada y esfuerzo real el (26,75%) de los encuestados hacen determina que esta 5%-25% subestimada. 7) Finalmente, como dificultad en su empresa para estimar el esfuerzo de proyectos mediante desarrollo de software ágil los encuestados reconocer con (26,11%) que los recursos como el mayor. Conclusiones: La estimación de esfuerzo es relativamente variable, para muchas compañías esto depende también de las necesidades de cada una, por otro lado, el uso de metodología ágil y técnicas de estimación varia en su uso dependiendo del cruce que se de entre ellas y como se complementan entre sí