Die Hochschulbibliotheken in der Schweiz

Wie in nahezu allen Ländern, so spielt auch in der Schweiz das universitäre und allgemein-politische Umfeld der wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken für deren Entstehung, deren grundsätzliche Ausrichtung und deren zukünftige Weiterentwicklung eine wesentliche Rolle. Obwohl die Schweizerische Hochschulpolitik nach wie vor primär durch die föderale, sprich kantonale Ebene bestimmt wird, gewinnt im Zeitalter von Bologna und im Kontext eines globalen Wettbewerbs der Wissenschaften ein einheitlicher nationaler Ansatz zunehmend an Bedeutung. Für die Bibliotheken bedeutet dies, dass die Kooperation auf nationaler Ebene, die Entwicklung kooperativer Projekte mit landesweiter Ausstrahlung und die Schaffung von Serviceeinrichtungen für alle wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken des Landes zunehmend in den Vordergrund treten. Aufbauend auf den mit dem Schweizer Konsortium erzielten Erfahrungen, konnte im Jahr 2007 ein weiteres nationales Projekt lanciert werden, dass sich im Sinne eines nationalen Portals mit einer fokussierten Präsentation wissenschaftlich relevanter Informationsressourcen befasst. In dieser "Elektronischen Bibliothek Schweiz" (E-lib.ch) sollen Mehrwertdienstleistungen, fachspezifische Informationsangebote, professionelle Erschließung der Inhalte und direkte Nutzungs- und Bestellmöglichkeiten integriert präsentiert werden. Neben den zukunftsorientierten Projekten auf nationaler Ebene gibt es hierzu parallel eine größere Zahl bibliotheksbzw. lokalspezifischer Aktivitäten, die sich alle mehr oder weniger intensiv mit der elektronischen Zukunft bibliothekarischer Arbeit befassen. Hierzu gehören beispielsweise die Themen Open Access, Archivierung von Dokumenten aus der eigenen Institution, Digitalisierung von relevanten Printmaterialien und Langzeitarchivierung von primären Forschungsdaten.

Verknüpfte Modernitäten

Brasilien gehörte in der Nachkriegszeit zu den aufstrebenden Ländern, mit denen die junge Bundesrepublik kulturpolitische Verbindungen etablierte. Anhand der vielfältigen Modernitätsbestrebungen in Brasilien und Deutschland analysiert und vergleicht Susanne Neubauer die Verflechtungen zwischen Museumspolitiken, (Re-)Demokratisierungsbestrebungen und dem disziplinübergreifenden Diskurs um das Menschenbild nach der Zäsur des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Aus außereuropäischer Perspektive wirft sie einen Blick auf die Wertungen des Menschen in den kulturellen Umwelten und beleuchtet damit Mechanismen der Entwicklung westlicher Kanonisierungen der modernen Kunst

Max Bense/Aloísio Magalhães (Germany, 1969): the transcultural and popular context of Der Weg eines Zeichens

Se o impulso modernista demanda novas abordagens, muitos defendem que voltar a atenção para as redes de trocas artísticas é um modo de reatualizar o paradigma modernista. Em 1969, o artista e designer brasileiro Aloísio Magalhães (1927-1982) exibiu uma série de fotografias na galeria de estudos do Studium Generale, da Universidade de Stuttgart, um espaço de exposição dedicado ao discurso interdisciplinar fundado por Max Bense (1910-1990) em 1958. Neste artigo quero discutir os aspectos principais do projeto dessa exposição, comparando-o com o movimento concretista e com a perspectiva de Lina Bo Bardi sobre exposições, assim como quero examinar as diferentes abordagens culturais do projeto fotográfico de Magalhães e suas afinidades com a proposta do formalismo, do concretismo e da teoria do signo.If the Modernist impulse requires new approaches, then many argue that highlighting the networks of artistic exchange is one way of reactualizing the Modernist paradigm. In 1969, Brazilian artist and designer Aloísio Magalhães (1927-1982) exhibited a series of photographs at the study gallery at Studium Generale, University of Stuttgart, an exhibition space for interdisciplinary discourse founded by Max Bense (1910*1990) in 1958. In this study I want to discuss key aspects of this exhibition project, comparing it with the Brazilian concretist movement and Lina Bo Bardi’s exhibitionary visions, as well as to examine the different cultural approaches to Magalhães photographic project and its common grounds with formalism, concretism and sign theory

Testamente Bamberger Frauen des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts

Testamente werden in der historischen Forschung bereits seit geraumer Zeit als wichtige Quellen für die Geschichte der sozialen Beziehungen, der materiellen Kultur, der Frömmigkeitspraktiken und der Einstellungen zum Tod betrachtet. Der vorliegende Band untersucht erstmals systematisch ein Korpus von 84 archivalisch überlieferten Testamenten, die Bamberger Frauen zwischen 1510 und 1700 diktierten. Die Erblasserinnen kamen aus unterschiedlichen sozialen Milieus – das Spektrum umfasst Adelige, Beamtenwitwen, Handwerkerfrauen und Klerikermägde –, und ihre letztwilligen Verfügungen gewähren aufschlussreiche Einblicke in Lebenssituationen, persönliche Erfahrungen und soziale Netzwerke in einer frühneuzeitlichen Bischofsstadt.Historical researchers have long realized the value of wills as sources for the history of social relations, material culture, practices of piety and attitudes towards death. The present volume provides the first systematic analysis of 84 archival wills which women in Bamberg dictated between 1510 and 1700. The testators came from different social strata – including noblewomen, widows of public officials, artisans‘ wives and maids of clergymen – and their last wills provide revealing insights into life situations, personal experiences and social networks in an early modern cathedral town

AeroCom phase III multi-model evaluation of the aerosol life cycle and optical properties using ground- and space-based remote sensing as well as surface in situ observations

Within the framework of the AeroCom (Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models) initiative, the state-of-the-art modelling of aerosol optical properties is assessed from 14 global models participating in the phase III control experiment (AP3). The models are similar to CMIP6/AerChemMIP Earth System Models (ESMs) and provide a robust multi-model ensemble. Inter-model spread of aerosol species lifetimes and emissions appears to be similar to that of mass extinction coefficients (MECs), suggesting that aerosol optical depth (AOD) uncertainties are associated with a broad spectrum of parameterised aerosol processes. Total AOD is approximately the same as in AeroCom phase I (AP1) simulations. However, we find a 50% decrease in the optical depth (OD) of black carbon (BC), attributable to a combination of decreased emissions and lifetimes. Relative contributions from sea salt (SS) and dust (DU) have shifted from being approximately equal in AP1 to SS contributing about 2/3 of the natural AOD in AP3. This shift is linked with a decrease in DU mass burden, a lower DU MEC, and a slight decrease in DU lifetime, suggesting coarser DU particle sizes in AP3 compared to AP1. Relative to observations, the AP3 ensemble median and most of the participating models underestimate all aerosol optical properties investigated, that is, total AOD as well as fine and coarse AOD (AOD(f), AOD(c)), Angstrom exponent (AE), dry surface scattering (SCdry), and absorption (AC(dry)) coefficients. Compared to AERONET, the models underestimate total AOD by ca. 21% +/- 20% (as inferred from the ensemble median and interquartile range). Against satellite data, the ensemble AOD biases range from -37% (MODIS-Terra) to -16% (MERGED-FMI, a multi-satellite AOD product), which we explain by differences between individual satellites and AERONET measurements themselves. Correlation coefficients (R) between model and observation AOD records are generally high (R > 0.75), suggesting that the models are capable of capturing spatiotemporal variations in AOD. We find a much larger underestimate in coarse AOD(c) (similar to-45% +/- 25 %) than in fine AOD(f) (similar to-15% +/- 25 %) with slightly increased inter-model spread compared to total AOD. These results indicate problems in the modelling of DU and SS. The AOD(c) bias is likely due to missing DU over continental land masses (particularly over the United States, SE Asia, and S. America), while marine AERONET sites and the AATSR SU satellite data suggest more moderate oceanic biases in AOD(c). Column AEs are underestimated by about 10% +/- 16 %. For situations in which measurements show AE > 2, models underestimate AERONET AE by ca. 35 %. In contrast, all models (but one) exhibit large overestimates in AE when coarse aerosol dominates (bias ca. +140% if observed AE < 0.5). Simulated AE does not span the observed AE variability. These results indicate that models overestimate particle size (or underestimate the fine-mode fraction) for fine-dominated aerosol and underestimate size (or overestimate the fine-mode fraction) for coarse-dominated aerosol. This must have implications for lifetime, water uptake, scattering enhancement, and the aerosol radiative effect, which we can not quantify at this moment. Comparison against Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) in situ data results in mean bias and inter-model variations of -35% +/- 25% and -20% +/- 18% for SCdry and AC(dry), respectively. The larger underestimate of SCdry than AC(dry) suggests the models will simulate an aerosol single scattering albedo that is too low. The larger underestimate of SCdry than ambient air AOD is consistent with recent findings that models overestimate scattering enhancement due to hygroscopic growth. The broadly consistent negative bias in AOD and surface scattering suggests an underestimate of aerosol radiative effects in current global aerosol models. Considerable inter-model diversity in the simulated optical properties is often found in regions that are, unfortunately, not or only sparsely covered by ground-based observations. This includes, for instance, the Sahara, Amazonia, central Australia, and the South Pacific. This highlights the need for a better site coverage in the observations, which would enable us to better assess the models, but also the performance of satellite products in these regions. Using fine-mode AOD as a proxy for present-day aerosol forcing estimates, our results suggest that models underestimate aerosol forcing by ca. -15 %, however, with a considerably large interquartile range, suggesting a spread between -35% and +10 %.Peer reviewe

Climate and air quality impacts due to mitigation of non-methane near-term climate forcers

It is important to understand how future environmental policies will impact both climate change and air pollution. Although targeting near-term climate forcers (NTCFs), defined here as aerosols, tropospheric ozone, and precursor gases, should improve air quality, NTCF reductions will also impact climate. Prior assessments of the impact of NTCF mitigation on air quality and climate have been limited. This is related to the idealized nature of some prior studies, simplified treatment of aerosols and chemically reactive gases, as well as a lack of a sufficiently large number of models to quantify model diversity and robust responses. Here, we quantify the 2015-2055 climate and air quality effects of non-methane NTCFs using nine state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model simulations conducted for the Aerosol and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP). Simulations are driven by two future scenarios featuring similar increases in greenhouse gases (GHGs) but with weak (SSP3-7.0) versus strong (SSP3-7.0-lowNTCF) levels of air quality control measures. As SSP3-7.0 lacks climate policy and has the highest levels of NTCFs, our results (e.g., surface warming) represent an upper bound. Unsurprisingly, we find significant improvements in air quality under NTCF mitigation (strong versus weak air quality controls). Surface fine particulate matter (PM2:5) and ozone (O3) decrease by 2:20:32 ugm3 and 4:60:88 ppb, respectively (changes quoted here are for the entire 2015-2055 time period; uncertainty represents the 95% confidence interval), over global land surfaces, with larger reductions in some regions including south and southeast Asia. Non-methane NTCF mitigation, however, leads to additional climate change due to the removal of aerosol which causes a net warming effect, including global mean surface temperature and precipitation increases of 0:250:12K and 0:030:012mmd1, respectively. Similarly, increases in extreme weather indices, including the hottest and wettest days, also occur. Regionally, the largest warming and wetting occurs over Asia, including central and north Asia (0:660:20K and 0:030:02mmd1), south Asia (0:470:16K and 0:170:09mmd1), and east Asia (0:460:20K and 0:150:06mmd1). Relatively large warming and wetting of the Arctic also occur at 0:590:36K and 0:040:02mmd1, respectively. Similar surface warming occurs in model simulations with aerosol-only mitigation, implying weak cooling due to ozone reductions. Our findings suggest that future policies that aggressively target non-methane NTCF reductions will improve air quality but will lead to additional surface warming, particularly in Asia and the Arctic. Policies that address other NTCFs including methane, as well as carbon dioxide emissions, must also be adopted to meet climate mitigation goals. © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License

Changes in magnetic resonance mammography due to hormone replacement therapy

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present article is to investigate effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on contrast medium enhancement patterns in postmenopausal patients during magnetic resonance mammography (MRM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and fifteen patients receiving hormonal medication were divided into four groups: 150 patients with 1 MRM during HRT (group A), 13 patients with 2 MRMs under HRT (group B), 30 patients with 1 MRM during HRT and 1 MRM after HRT withdrawal (group C), and 22 women with 1 MRM after HRT withdrawal (group D). Dynamic MRM was performed at 1.5 Tesla. Signal intensity changes were characterized by five time curves: minimal enhancement (type I), weak continuous enhancement (type II), strong continuous enhancement (type III), and a steep initial slope followed by a plateau phenomenon (type IV) or a washout effect (type V). RESULTS: Of all 193 patients under HRT (group A + group B + group C), 60 patients (31.1%) showed curve type I, 88 patients (45.6%) showed type II and 45 patients (23.3%) showed type III. There were significant differences to 52 patients after HRT withdrawal (group C + group D) (P < 0.0001), with 42 patients (80.8%) for curve type I, 8 patients (15.4%) for type II, and 2 patients (3.8%) for type III. In both MRM sessions in group B, 69% of the patients showed identical curve types without significant differences (P = 0.375). In group C, 28 of 30 patients (93%) dropped to lower curve types with significant differences in curve types during and after HRT (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The majority of patients receiving postmenopausal HRT showed bilateral symmetrical, continuous enhancement without evidence of a plateau phenomenon or a washout effect due to HRT in MRM. Hormonal effects could be proven and were reproducible and reversible