9 research outputs found

    Representation and effective hydraulic segmentation of rivers on a global scale for flow estimation by SWOT altimetry

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    Le potentiel d'observation des hydrosystĂšmes offert par la tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection, en expansion depuis une vingtaine d'annĂ©es vient complĂ©ter l'observabilitĂ© hydromĂ©trique in situ, en dĂ©clin dans certaines rĂ©gions. La future mission SWOT d'altimĂ©trie large fauchĂ©e devrait permettre une visibilitĂ© quasi globale des cours d'eau de largeur supĂ©rieure Ă  100m avec une Ă  sept revisites par cycle de 21 jours pour les latitudes comprises entre 70°N/S. Les produits prĂ©vus par la mission sur les cours d'eau visent la dĂ©termination de caractĂ©ristiques hydrauliques de surface libre (altitude, pente, largeur au miroir), la segmentation du rĂ©seau hydrographique en biefs et des estimations de dĂ©bit. À la diffĂ©rence des mesures quasi-ponctuelles et relativement peu denses en espace et en temps qu'offre l'altimĂ©trie actuelle, le satellite SWOT permettra d'amĂ©liorer la visibilitĂ© des profils longitudinaux des surfaces libres et apportera des mesures de largeurs au miroir rĂ©fĂ©rencĂ©es verticalement. Cette thĂšse s'intĂ©resse Ă  la caractĂ©risation de comportements hydrauliques de riviĂšres Ă  partir « d'observables » de surface des cours d'eau et en particulier la visibilitĂ© des profils longitudinaux des surfaces libres et des variations de largeur au miroir qu'apportera le satellite SWOT. Ainsi, est explorĂ© le concept de visibilitĂ© hydraulique qui dĂ©crit le potentiel d'observation des variabilitĂ©s des Ă©coulements Ă  partir de mesures distribuĂ©es d'altitude, pente et courbure de profils longitudinaux de surface libre. Une mĂ©thodologie est mise en place pour Ă©tudier la signature hydraulique de singularitĂ©s typiques de gĂ©omĂ©trie, de friction et hydrologiques sur la surface des Ă©coulements. Sur la base de ces caractĂ©risations et des marqueurs mis en avant, une mĂ©thode de segmentation (discrĂ©tisation) des observations des profils quasi-continus de surface libre est proposĂ©e. La mĂ©thode est basĂ©e sur les variabilitĂ©s spatio-temporelles de la courbure qui permettent de dĂ©gager les zones de contrĂŽles hydrauliques Ă  plusieurs Ă©chelles. Cette mĂ©thode permet de limiter l'impact d'une segmentation sur une modĂ©lisation hydraulique Ă  partir d'observables satellites. L'analyse des signaux de surface et la segmentation basĂ©e sur la courbure de la surface libre sont sensibles au bruit liĂ© Ă  la mesure de ces profils. Ainsi, dans un contexte de mesure tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tectĂ©es et donc affectĂ©es par un fort niveau de bruit, une mĂ©thode de « dĂ©bruitage » Ă  partir d'un traitement en ondelettes et de considĂ©rations hydrodynamiques a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e. Elle permet un « dĂ©bruitage » localisĂ©, adaptatif et automatique des profils de surface, rĂ©duisant ainsi considĂ©rablement le bruit de la mesure et l'impact sur une estimation directe de dĂ©bit. La derniĂšre partie de cette thĂšse s'intĂ©resse au problĂšme d'estimation du dĂ©bit au travers de l'estimation de bathymĂ©trie-friction Ă  partir « d'observables » de surface seuls. Des mĂ©thodes permettant de mieux contraindre les aprioris sur la friction et la bathymĂ©trie (non observables) et potentiellement des processus d'assimilation de donnĂ©es de surface sont proposĂ©es. Dans un premier temps, un estimateur de gĂ©omĂ©tries effectives est proposĂ© sur la base des couples altitude-largeur observables par satellites. Dans un second temps nous nous sommes intĂ©ressĂ©s aux vitesses d'Ă©coulement, on montre en particulier que la courbure de surface libre permet de caractĂ©riser le signe des variations spatiales de la vitesse moyenne d'Ă©coulement. Ensuite une attention particuliĂšre est portĂ©e Ă  l'Ă©tude de la dĂ©formation (observable) de surface libre due Ă  la propagation d'un hydrogramme. [...]The increasing potential of observation of hydrosystems provided by remote sensing over the last twenty years complements in situ observations that are declining in some regions. The future SWOT mission should enable a quasi-global visibility of rivers wider than 100m with up to seven revisits per orbit cycle (21 days) for region between 70°N/S. One of the SWOT products over worldwide rivers consists in the determination of their free surface hydraulic characteristics (height, slope, width), the segmentation of the hydrographic network and discharge estimations. In this context, this thesis aims to characterize and describe the hydraulic behavior of rivers from water surface «observables» and especially the unprecedented visibility of longitudinal profiles and top width that SWOT will bring. Therefore is explored the concept of hydraulic visibility describing the potential of observation of flow variabilities from water surface «observables», and in particular free surface height, slope and curvature. A methodology is developed to study the hydraulic signature of geometrical or rugosity variations. Based on these hydraulic characterizations and markers, a segmentation method (discretization) of quasi-continuous free surface height profiles is proposed. The method is based on the spatio-temporal variabilities of the water surface curvature of the free surface, enabling the detection of hydraulic controls at various scales. This method allows to limit the impact of the segmentation on hydraulic modeling from satellite data. This segmentation method, based on water surface curvature is sensitive to measurement errors on water surface height. Thus, in a context of remotely sensed measurements affected by errors, a «denoising» method based on wavelet processing and hydrodynamic considerations has been developed. This method allows a localized, adaptive and fully automatic "denoising" of surface profiles, thus considerably reducing the noise of the measurement and the impact on direct discharge estimations. The last part of this thesis focuses on unsteady flows. A special attention is paid to the analysis free surface deformations due to the propagation of a flood wave. Orders of magnitude of the flow velocity of flood waves according to the shape of cross sections are studied. Then it is shown that the free surface curvature is an interesting proxy for characterizing the sign of the spatial variations of the mean flow velocity. Finally an estimator of effective channel shape is proposed and tested on a real geometry. This thesis opens perspectives for (i) the processing and direct exploitation of future SWOT data (ii) improving the constrain and parameterization of inverse problems in fluvial hydraulics from spatial observations

    Représentation et segmentation hydraulique effective de riviÚres à l'échelle globale pour le calcul de débit par altimétrie SWOT

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    The increasing potential of observation of hydrosystems provided by remote sensing over the last twenty years complements in situ observations that are declining in some regions. The future SWOT mission should enable a quasi-global visibility of rivers wider than 100m with up to seven revisits per orbit cycle (21 days) for region between 70°N/S. One of the SWOT products over worldwide rivers consists in the determination of their free surface hydraulic characteristics (height, slope, width), the segmentation of the hydrographic network and discharge estimations. In this context, this thesis aims to characterize and describe the hydraulic behavior of rivers from water surface «observables» and especially the unprecedented visibility of longitudinal profiles and top width that SWOT will bring. Therefore is explored the concept of hydraulic visibility describing the potential of observation of flow variabilities from water surface «observables», and in particular free surface height, slope and curvature. A methodology is developed to study the hydraulic signature of geometrical or rugosity variations. Based on these hydraulic characterizations and markers, a segmentation method (discretization) of quasi-continuous free surface height profiles is proposed. The method is based on the spatio-temporal variabilities of the water surface curvature of the free surface, enabling the detection of hydraulic controls at various scales. This method allows to limit the impact of the segmentation on hydraulic modeling from satellite data. This segmentation method, based on water surface curvature is sensitive to measurement errors on water surface height. Thus, in a context of remotely sensed measurements affected by errors, a «denoising» method based on wavelet processing and hydrodynamic considerations has been developed. This method allows a localized, adaptive and fully automatic "denoising" of surface profiles, thus considerably reducing the noise of the measurement and the impact on direct discharge estimations. The last part of this thesis focuses on unsteady flows. A special attention is paid to the analysis free surface deformations due to the propagation of a flood wave. Orders of magnitude of the flow velocity of flood waves according to the shape of cross sections are studied. Then it is shown that the free surface curvature is an interesting proxy for characterizing the sign of the spatial variations of the mean flow velocity. Finally an estimator of effective channel shape is proposed and tested on a real geometry. This thesis opens perspectives for (i) the processing and direct exploitation of future SWOT data (ii) improving the constrain and parameterization of inverse problems in fluvial hydraulics from spatial observations.Le potentiel d'observation des hydrosystĂšmes offert par la tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection, en expansion depuis une vingtaine d'annĂ©es vient complĂ©ter l'observabilitĂ© hydromĂ©trique in situ, en dĂ©clin dans certaines rĂ©gions. La future mission SWOT d'altimĂ©trie large fauchĂ©e devrait permettre une visibilitĂ© quasi globale des cours d'eau de largeur supĂ©rieure Ă  100m avec une Ă  sept revisites par cycle de 21 jours pour les latitudes comprises entre 70°N/S. Les produits prĂ©vus par la mission sur les cours d'eau visent la dĂ©termination de caractĂ©ristiques hydrauliques de surface libre (altitude, pente, largeur au miroir), la segmentation du rĂ©seau hydrographique en biefs et des estimations de dĂ©bit. À la diffĂ©rence des mesures quasi-ponctuelles et relativement peu denses en espace et en temps qu'offre l'altimĂ©trie actuelle, le satellite SWOT permettra d'amĂ©liorer la visibilitĂ© des profils longitudinaux des surfaces libres et apportera des mesures de largeurs au miroir rĂ©fĂ©rencĂ©es verticalement. Cette thĂšse s'intĂ©resse Ă  la caractĂ©risation de comportements hydrauliques de riviĂšres Ă  partir « d'observables » de surface des cours d'eau et en particulier la visibilitĂ© des profils longitudinaux des surfaces libres et des variations de largeur au miroir qu'apportera le satellite SWOT. Ainsi, est explorĂ© le concept de visibilitĂ© hydraulique qui dĂ©crit le potentiel d'observation des variabilitĂ©s des Ă©coulements Ă  partir de mesures distribuĂ©es d'altitude, pente et courbure de profils longitudinaux de surface libre. Une mĂ©thodologie est mise en place pour Ă©tudier la signature hydraulique de singularitĂ©s typiques de gĂ©omĂ©trie, de friction et hydrologiques sur la surface des Ă©coulements. Sur la base de ces caractĂ©risations et des marqueurs mis en avant, une mĂ©thode de segmentation (discrĂ©tisation) des observations des profils quasi-continus de surface libre est proposĂ©e. La mĂ©thode est basĂ©e sur les variabilitĂ©s spatio-temporelles de la courbure qui permettent de dĂ©gager les zones de contrĂŽles hydrauliques Ă  plusieurs Ă©chelles. Cette mĂ©thode permet de limiter l'impact d'une segmentation sur une modĂ©lisation hydraulique Ă  partir d'observables satellites. L'analyse des signaux de surface et la segmentation basĂ©e sur la courbure de la surface libre sont sensibles au bruit liĂ© Ă  la mesure de ces profils. Ainsi, dans un contexte de mesure tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tectĂ©es et donc affectĂ©es par un fort niveau de bruit, une mĂ©thode de « dĂ©bruitage » Ă  partir d'un traitement en ondelettes et de considĂ©rations hydrodynamiques a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e. Elle permet un « dĂ©bruitage » localisĂ©, adaptatif et automatique des profils de surface, rĂ©duisant ainsi considĂ©rablement le bruit de la mesure et l'impact sur une estimation directe de dĂ©bit. La derniĂšre partie de cette thĂšse s'intĂ©resse au problĂšme d'estimation du dĂ©bit au travers de l'estimation de bathymĂ©trie-friction Ă  partir « d'observables » de surface seuls. Des mĂ©thodes permettant de mieux contraindre les aprioris sur la friction et la bathymĂ©trie (non observables) et potentiellement des processus d'assimilation de donnĂ©es de surface sont proposĂ©es. Dans un premier temps, un estimateur de gĂ©omĂ©tries effectives est proposĂ© sur la base des couples altitude-largeur observables par satellites. Dans un second temps nous nous sommes intĂ©ressĂ©s aux vitesses d'Ă©coulement, on montre en particulier que la courbure de surface libre permet de caractĂ©riser le signe des variations spatiales de la vitesse moyenne d'Ă©coulement. Ensuite une attention particuliĂšre est portĂ©e Ă  l'Ă©tude de la dĂ©formation (observable) de surface libre due Ă  la propagation d'un hydrogramme. [...

    Effective channel and ungauged braided river discharge estimation by assimilation of multi-satellite water heights of different spatial sparsity

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    Multi-satellite sensing of continental water surfaces (WS) represents an unprecedented and increasing potential for studying ungauged hydrological and hydraulic processes from their signatures, especially on complex ow zones such as multichannel rivers. However the estimation of discharge from WS observations only is a very challenging inverse problem due to unknown bathymetry and friction in ungauged rivers, measurements nature, quality and spatio-temporal resolutions regarding the flow (model) scales. This paper proposes an effective hydraulic modeling approach of sufficient complexity to describe braided river flows from sparse multisatellite observations using the HiVDI inverse method presented in Larnier et al. [42] with an augmented control vector including a spatially distributed friction law depending on ow depth. It is shown on 71km of the Xingu River (braided, Amazon basin) with altimetric water height time series that a fairly accurate upstream discharge hydrograph and effective patterns of channel bathymetry and friction can be infered simultaneously. The coherence between the sparse observation grid and the ne hydraulic model grid is ensured in the optimization process by imposing a piecewise linear bathymetry prole b(x), which is consistent with the hydraulic visibility of WS signatures (Garambois et al. [27], Montazem et al. [46]). The discharge hydrograph and effective bathymetry-friction patterns are retrieved from 8 years of satellite altimetry (ENVISAT) at 6 virtual stations (VS) along flow. Next, the potential of the forthcoming SWOT data, dense in space, is highlighted by infering a discharge hydrograph and dense patterns of effective river bathymetry and friction; a physically consistent definition of friction by reaches enabling to consider more dense bathymetry controls. Finally a numerical analysis of the friction term shows clear signatures of river bottom slope break in low flows and width variations in high flows which is consistent with the findings of Montazem et al. [46] from WS curvature analysis

    Variational estimation of effective channel and ungauged anabranching river discharge from multi-satellite water heights of different spatial sparsity

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    International audienceMulti-satellite sensing of continental water surfaces (WS) represents an un precedented and increasing potential for studying ungauged hydrological and hydraulic processes from their signatures, especially on complex flow zones such as anabranching rivers. However the estimation of discharge from WS observations only is a very challenging, ill-posed, inverse problem due to unknown bathymetry and friction in ungauged rivers, measurements nature, quality and spatio-temporal resolutions regarding the flow (model) scales. This paper proposes an effective 1D hydraulic modelling approach of sufficient complexity to describe anabranching river flows from sparse multisatellite observations using the HiVDI inverse method presented in Larnier et al. (2019) with an augmented control vector including a spatially distributed friction law depending on the flow depth h. It is shown on 71 km of the Xingu River (anabranching, Amazon basin) with altimetric water height timeseries that a fairly accurate upstream discharge hydrograph and effective patterns of channel bathymetry and friction can be inferred simultaneously. The coherence between the sparse observation grid and the fine hydraulic model grid is ensured in the optimization process by imposing a piecewise linear bathymetry profile , which is consistent with the hydraulic visibility ofWS signatures (Garambois et al., 2017; Montazem et al., 2019). The discharge hydrograph Q(t) at observation times and effective bathymetry-friction patterns are retrieved from 8 years of satellite altimetry (ENVISAT) at 6 virtual stations (VS) along flow. Next, the potential of the forthcoming SWOT data, dense in space, is highlighted by inferring a discharge hydrograph and dense patterns of effective river bathymetry and friction; a physically consistent scaling of friction by reaches enables to consider more dense bathymetry controls. Finally a numerical analysis shows: (i) the importance of an unbiased prior information in the inference of a triplet from WS observations; (ii) the clear signatures of river bottom slope break in low flows and width variations in high flows, through the analysis of the friction slope term, which is consistent with the findings of Montazem et al. (2019) from WS curvature analysis
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