Las "tomas" de tierra y el problema de la vivienda en Latinoamerica

Se trata de un trabajo que recoge de forma detallada las muy diversas realidades bajo las que se produce y materializa el complejo fenómeno de las “tomas” de tierras en Latinoamérica. El libro comienza con una recopilación de textos de Nora Clichevsky, Edésio Fernandes y Mike Davis que componen las bases conceptuales de este informe. Se ofrece una visión del presente de las “tomas” a través del análisis de los datos obtenidos mediante una encuesta de veinte preguntas, realizada a diferentes organismos pertenecientes a 18 países latinoamericanos; así como mediante la inclusión de tres casos de estudio: el programa de “ocupación guiada” de Alto Trujillo (Perú), la mejora “caso a caso y casa a casa” de cuatrocientas viviendas precarias en Ciudad Sandino (Nicaragua) y la “toma” y desalojo del “Campamento Peñalolén” en Santiago de Chile. El informe concluye con una serie de comentarios, deducciones, conclusiones y tres anexos con información pormenorizada sobre el tema en estudio: bibliografía, vocabulario específico, valores sobre la situación de la población tugurizada y centros de análisis sobre asentamientos informales.This work sets out in detail the very diverse realities under which it produces and embodies the complex phenomenon of land "seizures" in Latin America. The book begins with a collection of texts by Nora Clichevsky, Edesio Fernandes and Mike Davis which makes up the conceptual basis of t his report. A current vision of “seizures” is offered through analysis of data obtained by means of a 20 - question survey, conducted in different organizations belonging to 18 Latin American countries; as well as by the inclusion of three case studies: the program of "guided occupation" of Alto Trujillo (Peru), the improvement "case by case, house by house" of four hundred shacks in Ciudad Sandino (Nicaragua) and the "seizure" and the eviction of " Peñalolén Camp" in Santiago de Chile. The report concludes with a series of comments, deductions, conclusions and three appendices with detailed information on the subject of study: bibliography, specific vocabulary, and values on the status of the slum population and centres of analysis on informal settlements

Líneas de investigación en ADICI : diseño de procesos de producción social del hábitat

La ciudad contemporánea se caracteriza por la interrelación de dos dinámicas negativas que se interrelacionan: la creciente huella ecológica que generan los modelos de desarrollo vigentes (por incrementar el consumo de recursos y la producción de residuos) y la creciente segregación social, funcional y espacial que estos modelos producen. Estas dinámicas son generadas por el modelo de desarrollo dominante y a ella contribuyen los paradigmas de conocimiento positivistas que reducen la realidad a una sumatoria de objetos aislados en áreas de especialidad, sobre los que se desarrollan acciones sectoriales inconexas. El desarrollo se limita a su acepción economicista, que acentúa la mercantilización de la ciudad, y esta dinámica obvia las relaciones entre el objeto (ciudad) y su contexto (naturaleza), entre los sujetos y la ciudad que habitan y transforman, reduciendo al ciudadano a la condición de consumidor de ciudad (planificada y desarrollada por los técnicos, los políticos y el mercado). Es preciso por tanto construir herramientas de conocimiento y estrategias de acción que permitan comprender y actuar ante problemáticas típicamente complejas, como las urbanas, que escapan a la fragmentación del conocimiento en disciplinas estancas. Y herramientas que inserten el conocimiento técnico en procesos transformadores que recuperen la POLIS, los espacios de participación de los ciudadanos en la toma de decisiones. Es decir que amplíen y modifiquen la relación de fuerzas que se produce en el triángulo de actores de la ciudad (técnicos-políticos-sociedad), para recuperar la sociedad de ciudadanos, hoy reducida a sociedad de mercado. El marco teórico y metodológico que estamos construyendo se apoya en: 1. La teoría de la complejidad, que aporta una visión transdisciplinar para la comprensión de los fenómenos complejos, aquellos que pierden, en la fragmentación del saber propia del paradigma positivista, la relación entre disciplinas y entre sujetos y objetos de la investigación. La visión compleja de la ciudad nos permitirá comprenderla desde la interacción entre URBS, CIVITAS y POLIS. 2. El paradigma de investigación acción participativa, que permite construir el conocimiento colectivamente y diseñar entre técnicos, políticos y ciudadanos las estrategias de intervención. Ello exige trabajar tres dimensiones básicas de la participación: QUERER, SABER y PODER. Los pasos del proceso se realizan en procesos cíclicos: i. desde la observación-descripción de los problemas y potencialidades (toma de datos), ii. la interpretación de datos- comprensión del problema iii. el diseño de estrategias de intervención. iv. la comunicación de los resultados / retroalimentación del proceso Esta doble aproximación a la Arquitectura nos conduce a redefinir sus límites para situar la investigación en el marco de la Producción Social del Hábitat, cuyo eje metodológico recae sobre la participación del usuario en la producción del urbanismo y la arquitectura. En este escenario debemos revisar el papel que el arquitecto está llamado a desempeñar. Es preciso pasar del arquitecto-autor al arquitecto-actor para transitar del diseño de objetos al diseño de procesos de transformación urbana y social. Pero no un diseño entendido como planificación rígida y calculada, sino como orientación situacional abierta a una revisión constante y en permanente interacción con los actores implicados, lo cual equivale a reconocer la naturaleza intuitiva de todo proceso creativo. Desarrollamos este marco teórico en proyectos de: . Planeamiento urbano participativo (Palomares del Río, Sanlúcar la Mayor). . Procesos de transformación social del hábitat en áreas vulnerables, mediante la creación de grupos de apoyo técnico. (Taller de los Barrios en Sevilla y Larache en Marruecos). En esta comunicación presentamos los casos, en distintos momentos del proceso, desde la perspectiva de la interacción entre las dimensiones URBS-CIVITAS-POLIS, por un lado, y la interrelación entre la gente, los técnicos y las administraciones públicas por otro

Bioavailability and systemic transport of oleanolic acid in humans, formulated as a functional olive oil

14 Páginas.-- 6 Figuras.-- 2 TablasEvidence of the pharmacological activity of oleanolic acid (OA) suggests its potential therapeutic application. However, its use in functional foods, dietary supplements, or nutraceuticals is hindered by limited human bioavailability studies. The BIO-OLTRAD trial is a double-blind, randomized controlled study with 22 participants that received a single dose of 30 mg OA formulated as a functional olive oil. The study revealed that the maximum serum concentration of OA ranged from 500 to 600 ng mL-1, with an AUC0-∞ value of 2862.50 ± 174.50 ng h mL-1. Furthermore, we discovered a physiological association of OA with serum albumin and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL). UV absorption spectra showed conformational changes in serum albumin due to the formation of an adduct with OA. Additionally, we demonstrated that TRL incorporate OA, reaching a maximum concentration of 140 ng mL-1 after 2-4 hours. We conjecture that both are efficient carriers to reach target tissues and to yield high bioavailability.This research is part of the R+D+i project PID2019-107837RB-I00, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/Spanish National Research Agency, grant number MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/. A. G.-G. is grateful for funding received from the “Next Generation EU” funds, the European Union through the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan and by the Ministry of Universities, in the framework of the Margarita Salas, Maria Zambrano grants for the Requalification of the Spanish University System 2021–2023, organized by the Pablo de Olavide University, Seville. J. J. R.-M. obtained an Erasmus+ scholarship (No. 2021-1-IT02-KA131-HED-000008483) from the University of Sassari (ITALY), for a stay at the Department of Food and Health of the Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC. The authors especially thank the ACESUR Group (Dos Hermanas, Seville, Spain), which donated the commercial olive oil for the trial. This collaborator had no role in the design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.Peer reviewe

Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018

Abstract: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030

Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)-giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life-is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030.This work was primarily supported by grant no. OPP1132415 from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Co-authors used by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (E.G.P. and R.R.3) provided feedback on initial maps and drafts of this manuscript. L.G.A. has received support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil (CAPES), Código de Financiamento 001 and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (grant nos. 404710/2018-2 and 310797/2019-5). O.O.Adetokunboh acknowledges the National Research Foundation, Department of Science and Innovation and South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis. M.Ausloos, A.Pana and C.H. are partially supported by a grant from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project no. PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. P.C.B. would like to acknowledge the support of F. Alam and A. Hussain. T.W.B. was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. K.Deribe is supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant no. 201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his international intermediate fellowship. C.H. and A.Pana are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project no. PN-III-P2-2.1-SOL-2020-2-0351. B.Hwang is partially supported by China Medical University (CMU109-MF-63), Taichung, Taiwan. M.Khan acknowledges Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University for their support. A.M.K. acknowledges the other collaborators and the corresponding author. Y.K. was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (grant no. XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITM/0004). K.Krishan is supported by a DST PURSE grant and UGC Centre of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M.Kumar would like to acknowledge FIC/NIH K43 TW010716-03. I.L. is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by the Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Panamá. M.L. was supported by China Medical University, Taiwan (CMU109-N-22 and CMU109-MF-118). W.M. is currently a programme analyst in Population and Development at the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Country Office in Peru, which does not necessarily endorses this study. D.E.N. acknowledges Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council. G.C.P. is supported by an NHMRC research fellowship. P.Rathi acknowledges support from Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India. Ramu Rawat acknowledges the support of the GBD Secretariat for supporting the reviewing and collaboration of this paper. B.R. acknowledges support from Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. A.Ribeiro was supported by National Funds through FCT, under the programme of ‘Stimulus of Scientific Employment—Individual Support’ within the contract no. info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/CEEC IND 2018/CEECIND/02386/2018/CP1538/CT0001/PT. S.Sajadi acknowledges colleagues at Global Burden of Diseases and Local Burden of Disease. A.M.S. acknowledges the support from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. F.S. was supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant no. KQTD20190929172835662). A.Sheikh is supported by Health Data Research UK. B.K.S. acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for all the academic support. B.U. acknowledges support from Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. C.S.W. is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Y.Z. was supported by Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (grant no. Q20201104) and Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Technology Innovation Team Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (grant no. T2020003). The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. All maps presented in this study are generated by the authors and no permissions are required to publish them

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049