La educacion superior en colombia retos y perspectivas actuales

La Educación Superior en Colombia está reglamentada por la ley 30 de 1.992 en la cual se advierte que es un proceso permanente que posibilita el desarrollo de las potencialidades del ser humano de una manera integral y tiene por objeto el pleno desarrollo de los alumnos y su formación académica o profesional. El concepto de “Universidad” si se toma desde el punto de vista semántico y como concepto cognitivo se refiere al conocimiento universal, es decir, la capacidad que debe tener el hombre en el ser y en el hacer para la solución de problemas técnicos, filosóficos, humanísticos, etc.; siendo esta universalidad la que le da las competencias para desempeñarse dentro de la sociedad. Inicialmente el concepto de educación superior se radicalizó y se orientó solo a dictar clases, pero con el paso del tiempo este concepto ha cambiando hasta el punto que hoy en día no se concibe una educación superior que no sea global y participativa, este concepto de global hace referencia no solo a los conceptos tecnológicos sino también a los culturales que vuelvan al profesional competitivo a nivel nacional e internacional. Es muy importante entonces un sistema general de Educación Superior que permita la interacción entre las Instituciones a nivel Regional, Nacional e Internacional, para que un estudiante pueda en determinado momento solicitar transferencias y homologaciones de asignaturas entre ellas y que no existan conceptos disímiles entre Institutos Técnicos, Universidades Públicas y Universidades Privadas. El presente escrito pretende dar una primera aproximación (ya que necesitaríamos hacer una investigación más profunda) y una mirada crítica, sin pretender en ningún momento dar la solución Salomónica sobre lo que se presenta en la Educación Superior actual en Colombia, pero eso sí, dejar abiertas las puertas para un debate sobre ella, y su importancia en el futuro Nacional e Internacional

La educacion superior en colombia retos y perspectivas actuales

La Educación Superior en Colombia está reglamentada por la ley 30 de 1.992 en la cual se advierte que es un proceso permanente que posibilita el desarrollo de las potencialidades del ser humano de una manera integral y tiene por objeto el pleno desarrollo de los alumnos y su formación académica o profesional. El concepto de “Universidad” si se toma desde el punto de vista semántico y como concepto cognitivo se refiere al conocimiento universal, es decir, la capacidad que debe tener el hombre en el ser y en el hacer para la solución de problemas técnicos, filosóficos, humanísticos, etc.; siendo esta universalidad la que le da las competencias para desempeñarse dentro de la sociedad. Inicialmente el concepto de educación superior se radicalizó y se orientó solo a dictar clases, pero con el paso del tiempo este concepto ha cambiando hasta el punto que hoy en día no se concibe una educación superior que no sea global y participativa, este concepto de global hace referencia no solo a los conceptos tecnológicos sino también a los culturales que vuelvan al profesional competitivo a nivel nacional e internacional. Es muy importante entonces un sistema general de Educación Superior que permita la interacción entre las Instituciones a nivel Regional, Nacional e Internacional, para que un estudiante pueda en determinado momento solicitar transferencias y homologaciones de asignaturas entre ellas y que no existan conceptos disímiles entre Institutos Técnicos, Universidades Públicas y Universidades Privadas. El presente escrito pretende dar una primera aproximación (ya que necesitaríamos hacer una investigación más profunda) y una mirada crítica, sin pretender en ningún momento dar la solución Salomónica sobre lo que se presenta en la Educación Superior actual en Colombia, pero eso sí, dejar abiertas las puertas para un debate sobre ella, y su importancia en el futuro Nacional e Internacional

A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru

Weprovide a synopsis of ~60million years of life history in Neotropical lowlands, based on a comprehensive survey of the Cenozoic deposits along the Quebrada Cachiyacu near Contamana in PeruvianAmazonia. The 34 fossilbearing localities identified have yielded a diversity of fossil remains, including vertebrates,mollusks, arthropods, plant fossils, and microorganisms, ranging from the early Paleocene to the lateMiocene–?Pliocene (N20 successive levels). This Cenozoic series includes the base of the Huchpayacu Formation (Fm.; early Paleocene; lacustrine/ fluvial environments; charophyte-dominated assemblage), the Pozo Fm. (middle + ?late Eocene; marine then freshwater environments; most diversified biomes), and complete sections for the Chambira Fm. (late Oligocene–late early Miocene; freshwater environments; vertebrate-dominated faunas), the Pebas Fm. (late early to early late Miocene; freshwater environments with an increasing marine influence; excellent fossil record), and Ipururo Fm. (late Miocene–?Pliocene; fully fluvial environments; virtually no fossils preserved). At least 485 fossil species are recognized in the Contamana area (~250 ‘plants’, ~212 animals, and 23 foraminifera). Based on taxonomic lists from each stratigraphic interval, high-level taxonomic diversity remained fairly constant throughout themiddle Eocene–Miocene interval (8-12 classes), ordinal diversity fluctuated to a greater degree, and family/species diversity generally declined, with a drastic drop in the early Miocene. The Paleocene–?Pliocene fossil assemblages from Contamana attest at least to four biogeographic histories inherited from (i) Mesozoic Gondwanan times, (ii) the Panamerican realm prior to (iii) the time of South America’s Cenozoic “splendid isolation”, and (iv) Neotropical ecosystems in the Americas. No direct evidence of any North American terrestrial immigrant has yet been recognized in the Miocene record at Contamana.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 disease severity are associated with genetic variants affecting gene expression in a variety of tissues

Variability in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 disease severity between individuals is partly due to genetic factors. Here, we identify 4 genomic loci with suggestive associations for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and 19 for COVID-19 disease severity. Four of these 23 loci likely have an ethnicity-specific component. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals in 11 loci colocalize with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) associated with the expression of 20 genes in 62 tissues/cell types (range: 1:43 tissues/gene), including lung, brain, heart, muscle, and skin as well as the digestive system and immune system. We perform genetic fine mapping to compute 99% credible SNP sets, which identify 10 GWAS loci that have eight or fewer SNPs in the credible set, including three loci with one single likely causal SNP. Our study suggests that the diverse symptoms and disease severity of COVID-19 observed between individuals is associated with variants across the genome, affecting gene expression levels in a wide variety of tissue types

A first update on mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19

peer reviewe

Factores de riesgo de la Criptococosis en pacientes con VIH en el hospital de infectología “Dr. José Daniel Rodríguez Maridueña” en el periodo 2015-2016

Antecedentes: La criptococosis es una infección fúngica sistémica que afecta fundamentalmente a pacientes inmunocomprometidos. La incidencia de la infección presentó un aumento aparejado al de la epidemia del síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (sida) desde su inicio en la década de 1980. La criptococosis se considera una de las micosis oportunistas más importantes en los últimos tiempos; a pesar de esto, en Ecuador son pocos los reportes relacionados con la misma. Métodos: El presente estudio tiene un enfoque cuantitativo de diseño no experimental, de corte transversal y retrospectivo con la utilización del método de observación analítica, cuyo objetivo es proveer información sobre los factores de riesgo de la Criptococosis en personas con VIH. Se revisaron 115 historias clínicas de pacientes con VIH que presentaron Criptococosis y fueron ingresados en el Hospital Dr. José Daniel Rodríguez Maridueña, durante el periodo 2015-2016. Resultados: Se evidenció que la concentración sanguínea menor de 200 CD4 cel/mm3 constituyó el factor más preponderante para la manifestación de la criptococosis, además se pudo constatar que la infección por criptococo se presentó mayormente en la población que habita en áreas Rurales