Caracterización físico-química de la superficie de 9 implantes dentales con 3 distintos tratamientos de superficie

Existen diversos tratamientos de superficie aplicados a los implantes dentales. El objetivo del presente estudio es comparar las características físico-químicas de la superficie de implantes dentales de titanio sometidos a diversos tratamientos de superficie. 9 implantes dentales procedentes del mismo lote de fabricación fueron separados en 3 grupos y sometidos a 3 tipos de tratamiento de superficie diferentes: mecanizado, grabado ácido y un ataque químico denominado Avantblast®. Las superficies obtenidas fueron observadas mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido y microscopía confocal, y caracterizadas químicamente mediante energía dispersiva de rayos X y espectrometría de fotoelectrones. Resultados Las superficies grabadas al ácido y las tratadas con ataque químico fueron más rugosas que las mecanizadas. La composición química superficial fue diferente entre procesos, en la superficie con el tratamiento de ataque químico existieron menos impurezas y un mayor espesor de la capa de óxido de titanio. Conclusiones La rugosidad superficial de los implantes dentales de titanio y el espesor de la capa de óxido de titanio se pueden incrementar mediante un adecuado tratamiento superficial de ataque químico.There are many surface treatments applied to dental implants. The aim of the present investigation is to compare the physicochemical characteristics of titanium dental implant surfaces with different surface treatments. 9 dental implants from the same batch were divided in 3 groups and received 3 different surface treatments: machined, acid etched and a new chemical surface treatment called Avantblast®. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy were used to image the treated surfaces, and energy-dispersive spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry to provide a chemical characterization of the surfaces. Results The acid etched and chemical etched surfaces had an increased roughness over the machined one. Surface chemical composition had differences between processes, as the surface with the new treatment presented a reduced level of impurities and increased thickness of the titanium oxide layer Conclusions Surface roughness of titanium dental implants and thickness of the titanium oxide layer can be increased with a suitable surface treatment

Torque de desinserción y propiedades fisico-químicas de implantes dentales grabados con ácidos fluorhídrico y nítrico: estudio experimental en perros Beagle

Objetivo: Estudiar la composición, características superficiales y respuesta al torque de desinserción de una superficie implantaria tratada inicialmente con ácido fluorhídrico y posterior pasivado con ácidos fluorhídrico y nítrico. Diseño del estudio: En una primera fase, se seleccionaron 12 implantes en los que se estudiaron las características fisico-químicas mediante mediciones de energía dispersa de rayos X (EDS), microscopio electrónico de barrido y análisis de XPS (espectrometría de fotoelectrones). Asimismo, se colocaron 24 implantes 'doce de 8 mm y doce de 10 mm de longitud-, en seis perros beagle, en los que tras un período de reposo, se procedió a la retirada de 12 implantes a las seis semanas y los 12 restantes a las doce semanas, mediante un calibrador de torque Gauge TonichiR modelo BGT150CN-S -con un rango de registro de fuerza de 0 a 150 Ncm. Resultados: El análisis de la composición química superficial mediante EDS sólo mostró la presencia de titanio en las superficies grabadas. En el análisis mediante XPS, al igual que sucede con las superficies de otros implantes dentales, aparecieron trazas de otros elementos presentes en la superficie, fundamentalmente de carbono. La morfología de la superficie tras el doble grabado con ácido, permitió observar la rugosidad creada por el ataque ácido, con una morfología bastante homogénea. Los valores de rugosidad obtenidos fueron superiores al micrómetro. Los valores medios encontrados para el torque de desinserción, a las seis semanas, fueron de 79,7 Ncm para los implantes de 8 mm de longitud y 115 Ncm para los implantes de 10 mm. A las doce semanas, estos valores incrementaron hasta 101,2 Ncm para los implantes de 8 mm y 139,7 Ncm para los implantes de 10 mm de longitud. Conclusiones: El grabado con ácido fluorhídrico y nítrico, posee características superficiales óptimas y comparables al de otras superficies. Los valores de torque de desinserción abren la posibilidad para su aplicación en clínica humana para procedimientos de carga precoz o inmediata.Objective: To study the composition, surface characteristics and response to removal torque of an implant surface subjected to hydrofluoric acid etching and posterior passivating with hydrofluoric and nitric acid. Study design: Twelve implants were initially selected and their physico-chemical characteristics were evaluated by means of energy-dispersive X-rays (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, 24 implants ' 12 measuring 8 mm and 12 measuring 10 mm in length ' were implanted in 6 Beagle dogs. Twelve implants were removed after a recovery period of 6 weeks, followed by removal of the remaining 12 implants after 12 Medeweeks, using a torque calibrator (Gauge Tonichi® model BGT150CN-S) with a force registry range of 0-150 Ncm. Results: EDS analysis of the surface chemical composition only revealed the presence of titanium in the etched surfaces. In the same way as with the surfaces of other dental implants, XPS analysis revealed traces of other elements present in the surface, fundamentally carbon. Following dual acid etching, the surface showed the roughness resulting from acid action, with a morphology that proved to be quite homogeneous. The roughness values obtained exceeded 1 ìm. The mean removal torque values after 6 weeks were 79.7 Ncm for the 8 mm implants and 115 Ncm for the 10 mm implants. After 12 weeks, these values increased to 101.2 Ncm and 139.7 Ncm, respectively. Conclusions: Hydrofluoric and nitric acid etching affords optimum surface characteristics comparable to those of other surfaces. The recorded removal torque values raise the possibility of human clinical application for early or immediate loading procedures

Bacteria associated with periodontal disease are also increased in health

The objective of this cross-sectional clinical study was to analyze the differences in the microbiome in gingival sulci of adult patients in the presence or absence of chronic periodontitis. Patients with or without periodontal disease were included in this cross-sectional study. Subgingival biofilm samples were collected and analyzed by 16S massive pyrosequencing. Functional analyses were also performed. A total of 15 phyla, 154 genera and 351 species were detected globally. Differences between disease and non-disease samples were observed in all taxonomical levels which suggest functional profile changes in the community. It was found that the main species associated with non-disease samples were reduced in disease but not completely suppressed. Analysis of the functional potential of the biofilms revealed a significantly higher activity related to endocytosis and phosphatidylinositol signaling in the disease group but lower cell adhesion molecules. Specific differences between health and disease suggest functional profile changes in the community, although bacteria associated with periodontal disease are also increased in health. Transcriptome studies should be conducted to confirm and deepen metabolic dysfunctions

Removal torque and physico-chemical characteristics of dental implants etched with hydrofluoric and nitric acid : an experimental study in Beagle dogs

Objective: To study the composition, surface characteristics and response to removal torque of an implant surface subjected to hydrofluoric acid etching and posterior passivating with hydrofluoric and nitric acid. Study design: Twelve implants were initially selected and their physico-chemical characteristics were evaluated by means of energy-dispersive X-rays (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, 24 implants ? 12 measuring 8 mm and 12 measuring 10 mm in length ? were implanted in 6 Beagle dogs. Twelve implants were removed after a recovery period of 6 weeks, followed by removal of the remaining 12 implants after 12 weeks, using a torque calibrator (Gauge Tonichi® model BGT150CN-S) with a force registry range of 0-150 Ncm. Results: EDS analysis of the surface chemical composition only revealed the presence of titanium in the etched surfaces. In the same way as with the surfaces of other dental implants, XPS analysis revealed traces of other elements present in the surface, fundamentally carbon. Following dual acid etching, the surface showed the roughness resulting from acid action, with a morphology that proved to be quite homogeneous. The roughness values obtained exceeded 1 µm. The mean removal torque values after 6 weeks were 79.7 Ncm for the 8 mm implants and 115 Ncm for the 10 mm implants. After 12 weeks, these values increased to 101.2 Ncm and 139.7 Ncm, respectively. Conclusions: Hydrofluoric and nitric acid etching affords optimum surface characteristics comparable to those of other surfaces. The recorded removal torque values raise the possibility of human clinical application for early or immediate loading procedures

Algunos resultados de la aplicación del nuevo Plan de Estudios

Este dossier coordinado por Alfredo Alvar Ezquerra contiene los siguientes artículos: La inclusa de Madrid; El protocolo 258 y Madrid hacia 1562; Evolución de dos casas panadería en el Madrid de la época moderna; Canencia: un ejercicio de demografía histórica.Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY 4.0Peer reviewe

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

Correction: Statistical degradation modelling of Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymers for bioscaffold applications.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204004.]

Correction: Statistical degradation modelling of Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymers for bioscaffold applications.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204004.]