Nutrient and Rainfall Additions Shift Phylogenetically Estimated Traits of Soil Microbial Communities

Microbial traits related to ecological responses and functions could provide a common currency facilitating synthesis and prediction; however, such traits are difficult to measure directly for all taxa in environmental samples. Past efforts to estimate trait values based on phylogenetic relationships have not always distinguished between traits with high and low phylogenetic conservatism, limiting reliability, especially in poorly known environments, such as soil. Using updated reference trees and phylogenetic relationships, we estimated two phylogenetically conserved traits hypothesized to be ecologically important from DNA sequences of the 16S rRNA gene from soil bacterial and archaeal communities. We sampled these communities from an environmental change experiment in California grassland applying factorial addition of late-season precipitation and soil nutrients to multiple soil types for 3 years prior to sampling. Estimated traits were rRNA gene copy number, which contributes to how rapidly a microbe can respond to an increase in resources and may be related to its maximum growth rate, and genome size, which suggests the breadth of environmental and substrate conditions in which a microbe can thrive. Nutrient addition increased community-weighted mean estimated rRNA gene copy number and marginally increased estimated genome size, whereas precipitation addition decreased these community means for both estimated traits. The effects of both treatments on both traits were associated with soil properties, such as ammonium, available phosphorus, and pH. Estimated trait responses within several phyla were opposite to the community mean response, indicating that microbial responses, although largely consistent among soil types, were not uniform across the tree of life. Our results show that phylogenetic estimation of microbial traits can provide insight into how microbial ecological strategies interact with environmental changes. The method could easily be applied to any of the thousands of existing 16S rRNA sequence data sets and offers potential to improve our understanding of how microbial communities mediate ecosystem function responses to global changes

Rajoja rikkova työ : kohti sujuvia toimintakäytäntöjä verkostoituvassa ja lohkoutuvassa työssä

TYÖELÄMÄSSÄ RIKOTAAN MONENLAISIA RAJOJA organisaation sisällä ja ulkopuolella: vanhat rakenteet ja toimintamallit muuttuvat. Arkipäivän johtajaa, esimiestä ja työyhteisöä ei voi enää päätellä virallisesta organisaatiorakenteesta. Työnteon kokoonpanot muuttuvat useammin kuin ennen. Työtä tehdään vaihtuvissa projekteissa ja prosesseissa, joissa tapahtuu ennalta arvaamattomia asioita. Verkostomaisessa työssä vanhat työn hallinnan ja sujuvoittamisen keinot eivät enää toimi. On oltava valmis suunnanmuutoksiin ja eri osapuolten välisen toiminnan yhteensovittamiseen. Tässä kirjassa esitellään Rajoja rikkova työ –hankkeessa löydettyjä verkostomaisen työn kipupisteitä ja käytäntöjä, ja pohditaan tapoja niiden sujuvoittamiseen. Kirja tarjoaa eväitä projektityön ja työprosessien kehittämiseen

Inflammatory response to surgical trauma in patients with minilaparotomy cholecystectomy versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomised multicentre study

Peer reviewe

Syysseminaarin satoa : Kääntäjä- ja tulkkikoulutus verkossa – keskusteluja korona-ajan kokemuksista

This article reports on the twelfth Autumn Seminar of the Section for Teachers and Researchers of the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters, which was held as an online event in August 2020, hosted by Tampere University. The theme of the seminar was online teaching, which became a topical subject after the Covid-19 pandemic forced all education to explore news ways of teaching and learning in a distance mode. The seminar included two parallel discussion sessions, one focusing on how the corona shutdown affected translator training in the spring of 2020, and the other focusing on the possibilities of online teaching collaboration between different universities. Both discussion sessions included two invited presentations with translator and interpreter trainers sharing their own experiences, followed by group discussion. This article includes a description of the invited presentations and a summary of the outcome of the group discussions. The presentations and the discussions reflected that the sudden shift to digital teaching was challenging for many, but the exceptional situation also had positive outcomes, such as novel ways of organizing teaching collaboration between universities.Non peer reviewe

Syysseminaarin satoa: Kääntäjä- ja tulkkikoulutus verkossa – keskusteluja korona-ajan kokemuksista

This article reports on the twelfth Autumn Seminar of the Section for Teachers and Researchers of the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters, which was held as an online event in August 2020, hosted by Tampere University. The theme of the seminar was online teaching, which became a topical subject after the Covid-19 pandemic forced all education to explore news ways of teaching and learning in a distance mode. The seminar included two parallel discussion sessions, one focusing on how the corona shutdown affected translator training in the spring of 2020, and the other focusing on the possibilities of online teaching collaboration between different universities. Both discussion sessions included two invited presentations with translator and interpreter trainers sharing their own experiences, followed by group discussion. This article includes a description of the invited presentations and a summary of the outcome of the group discussions. The presentations and the discussions reflected that the sudden shift to digital teaching was challenging for many, but the exceptional situation also had positive outcomes, such as novel ways of organizing teaching collaboration between universities.This article reports on the twelfth Autumn Seminar of the Section for Teachers and Researchers of the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters, which was held as an online event in August 2020, hosted by Tampere University. The theme of the seminar was online teaching, which became a topical subject after the Covid-19 pandemic forced all education to explore news ways of teaching and learning in a distance mode. The seminar included two parallel discussion sessions, one focusing on how the corona shutdown affected translator training in the spring of 2020, and the other focusing on the possibilities of online teaching collaboration between different universities. Both discussion sessions included two invited presentations with translator and interpreter trainers sharing their own experiences, followed by group discussion. This article includes a description of the invited presentations and a summary of the outcome of the group discussions. The presentations and the discussions reflected that the sudden shift to digital teaching was challenging for many, but the exceptional situation also had positive outcomes, such as novel ways of organizing teaching collaboration between universities

Light competition drives herbivore and nutrient effects on plant diversity

Enrichment of nutrients and loss of herbivores are assumed to cause a loss of plant diversity in grassland ecosystems because they increase plant cover, which leads to a decrease of light in the understory 1-3. Empirical tests of the role of competition for light in natural systems are based on indirect evidence, and have been a topic of debate for the last 40 years. Here we show that experimentally restoring light to understory plants in a natural grassland mitigates the loss of plant diversity that is caused by either nutrient enrichment or the absence of mammalian herbivores. The initial effect of light addition on restoring diversity under fertilization was transitory and outweighed by the greater effect of herbivory on light levels, indicating that herbivory is a major factor that controls diversity, partly through light. Our results provide direct experimental evidence, in a natural system, that competition for light is a key mechanism that contributes to the loss of biodiversity after cessation of mammalian herbivory. Our findings also show that the effects of herbivores can outpace the effects of fertilization on competition for light. Management practices that target maintaining grazing by native or domestic herbivores could therefore have applications in protecting biodiversity in grassland ecosystems, because they alleviate competition for light in the understory

Pohjavesien suojelun ja kiviaineshuollon yhteensovittaminen – Etelä-Karjalan loppuraportti

Pohjavesien suojelun ja kiviaineshuollon yhteensovittamista käsittelevä POSKI-projekti oli käynnissä Etelä-Karjalassa vuosina 2004–2007. Projektin tavoitteena oli turvata geologisen luonnon ympäristöarvot, hyvälaatuinen pohjavesi yhdyskuntien vesihuoltoon sekä laadukkaiden kiviainesten saanti yhdyskuntarakentamiseen. Ehdotuksella ei ole suoraan lakiin perustuvia oikeudellisia vaikutuksia, vaan lopullinen alueiden käytön yhteensovittaminen tapahtuu maakuntakaavoituksessa ja kuntien yleiskaavoituksessa. Projektin lähtöaineiston muodostivat alueella tehdyt erilaiset selvitykset ja luokitukset, joita täydennettiin tarvittavin osin hankkeen aikana. Lisäksi alueella tehtiin uusia maa- ja kallioperätutkimuksia, pohjavesitutkimuksia sekä luontoselvityksiä. Tutkimuksissa tarkasteltiin sora-, kallio- ja muita kiviainesmuodostumia geologisina, hydrogeologisina ja maisemallisina kokonaisuuksina. Tutkimusten perusteella Etelä-Karjalassa on 56 vedenhankintaa varten tärkeää pohjavesialuetta (luokka I). Niiden arvioitu antoisuus on noin 138 000 m3/d. Vedenhankintaan soveltuvia pohjavesialueita (luokka II) on yhteensä 88, joiden antoisuus on noin 126 000 m3/d. Tutkimusalueen pohjavesipinnan yläpuoliset hiekka- ja soravarat ovat yhteensä noin 5 326 milj. m3. Murskauskelpoisen aineksen määrä on 86 milj. m3 (1,6 %), soravaltaista ainesta on 817 milj. m3 (15,3 %) ja hiekkavaltaista ainesta 4 423 milj. m3 (85,9 %). Maaperätutkimusten yhteydessä inventoidut kiviainesvarat riittäisivät alueella laskennallisesti keskimäärin noin 611 vuodeksi. Murskauskelpoisen ja soravaltaisen aineksen riittävyys on keskimäärin 98 vuotta. Tutkimuksessa inventoitujen kalliokiviainesten kokonaismäärä maanpinnan 0-tasoon arvioituna noin 780 milj. m3. Rakentamiseen soveltuvia kiviaineksia tutkituista kallioalueista on 284 milj. m3 (36,4 %). Näiden laskennallinen riittävyys keskimääräisellä kulutuksella on noin 225 vuotta. Parhaimpiin laatuluokkiin kuuluvat kiviainesvarat ovat kallioperän laadusta johtuen varsin rajalliset, yhteensä 34,3 milj. m3 (4,4 %) ja näiden riittävyys on laskennallisesti noin 27 vuotta

Herbivory and nutrients shape grassland soil seed banks

Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment and shifts in herbivory can lead to dramatic changes in the composition and diversity of aboveground plant communities. In turn, this can alter seed banks in the soil, which are cryptic reservoirs of plant diversity. Here, we use data from seven Nutrient Network grassland sites on four continents, encompassing a range of climatic and environmental conditions, to test the joint effects of fertilization and aboveground mammalian herbivory on seed banks and on the similarity between aboveground plant communities and seed banks. We find that fertilization decreases plant species richness and diversity in seed banks, and homogenizes composition between aboveground and seed bank communities. Fertilization increases seed bank abundance especially in the presence of herbivores, while this effect is smaller in the absence of herbivores. Our findings highlight that nutrient enrichment can weaken a diversity maintaining mechanism in grasslands, and that herbivory needs to be considered when assessing nutrient enrichment effects on seed bank abundance.EEA Santa CruzFil: Eskelinen, Anu. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; AlemaniaFil: Eskelinen, Anu. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research. Department of Physiological Diversity; AlemaniaFil: Eskelinen, Anu. University of Oulu. Ecology & Genetics; FinlandiaFil: Jessen, Maria Theresa. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research. Department of Physiological Diversity; AlemaniaFil: Jessen, Maria Theresa. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; AlemaniaFil: Jessen, Maria Theresa. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ. Department of Community Ecology; AlemaniaFil: Bahamonde, Hector Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; Argentina.Fil: Bakker, Jonathan D. University of Washington. School of Environmental and Forest Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Borer, Elizabeth T. University of Minnesota. Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior; Estados UnidosFil: Caldeira, Maria C. University of Lisbon. Forest Research Centre. Associate Laboratory TERRA. School of Agriculture; Portugal.Fil: Harpole, William Stanley. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv); AlemaniaFil: Harpole, William Stanley. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ. Department of Community Ecology; AlemaniaFil: Harpole, William Stanley. Martin Luther University. Institute of Biology; AlemaniaFil: Jia, Meiyu. University of Washington. School of Environmental and Forest Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Jia, Meiyu. East China University of Technology. School of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering; China.Fil: Jia, Meiyu. Beijing Normal University. College of Life Sciences; China.Fil: Lannes, Luciola S. São Paulo State University-UNESP. Department of Biology and Animal Sciences; Brasil.Fil: Nogueira, Carla. University of Lisbon. Forest Research Centre. Associate Laboratory TERRA. School of Agriculture; Portugal.Fil: Venterink, Harry Olde. Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). Department of Biology; BélgicaFil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Porath-Krause, Anita J. University of Minnesota. Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior; Estados UnidosFil: Seabloom, Eric William. University of Minnesota. Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior; Estados UnidosFil: Schroeder, Katie. University of Minnesota. Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior; Estados UnidosFil: Schroeder, Katie. University of Georgia. Odum School of Ecology; Estados UnidosFil: Tognetti, Pedro M. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina.Fil: Tognetti, Pedro M. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA); Argentina.Fil: Tognetti, Pedro M. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL; SuizaFil: Yasui, Simone-Louise E. Queensland University of Technology. School of Biological and Environmental Sciences; Australia.Fil: Virtanen, Risto. University of Oulu. Ecology & Genetics; FinlandiaFil: Sullivan, Lauren L. University of Missouri. Division of Biological Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Sullivan, Lauren L. Michigan State University. Department of Plant Biology; Estados UnidosFil: Sullivan, Lauren L. Michigan State University. W. K. Kellogg Biological Station; Estados UnidosFil: Sullivan, Lauren L. Michigan State University. Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Program; Estados Unido

Drivers of the microbial metabolic quotient across global grasslands

Aim: The microbial metabolic quotient (MMQ; mg CO2-C/mg MBC/h), defined as the amount of microbial CO2 respired (MR; mg CO2-C/kg soil/h) per unit of microbial biomass C (MBC; mg C/kg soil), is a key parameter for understanding the microbial regulation of the carbon (C) cycle, including soil C sequestration. Here, we experimentally tested hypotheses about the individual and interactive effects of multiple nutrient addition (nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium + micronutrients) and herbivore exclusion on MR, MBC and MMQ across 23 sites (five continents). Our sites encompassed a wide range of edaphoclimatic conditions; thus, we assessed which edaphoclimatic variables affected MMQ the most and how they interacted with our treatments. Location: Australia, Asia, Europe, North/South America. Time period: 2015–2016. Major taxa: Soil microbes. Methods: Soils were collected from plots with established experimental treatments. MR was assessed in a 5-week laboratory incubation without glucose addition, MBC via substrate-induced respiration. MMQ was calculated as MR/MBC and corrected for soil temperatures (MMQsoil). Using linear mixed effects models (LMMs) and structural equation models (SEMs), we analysed how edaphoclimatic characteristics and treatments interactively affected MMQsoil. Results: MMQsoil was higher in locations with higher mean annual temperature, lower water holding capacity and lower soil organic C concentration, but did not respond to our treatments across sites as neither MR nor MBC changed. We attributed this relative homeostasis to our treatments to the modulating influence of edaphoclimatic variables. For example, herbivore exclusion, regardless of fertilization, led to greater MMQsoil only at sites with lower soil organic C (< 1.7%). Main conclusions: Our results pinpoint the main variables related to MMQsoil across grasslands and emphasize the importance of the local edaphoclimatic conditions in controlling the response of the C cycle to anthropogenic stressors. By testing hypotheses about MMQsoil across global edaphoclimatic gradients, this work also helps to align the conflicting results of prior studies