The origin of water in the primitive Moon as revealed by the lunar highlands samples

The recent discoveries of hydrogen (H) bearing species on the lunar surface and in samples derived from the lunar interior have necessitated a paradigm shift in our understanding of the water inventory of the Moon, which was previously considered to be a ‘bone-dry’ planetary body. Most sample-based studies have focused on assessing the water contents of the younger mare basalts and pyroclastic glasses, which are partial-melting products of the lunar mantle. In contrast, little attention has been paid to the inventory and source(s) of water in the lunar highlands rocks which are some of the oldest and most pristine materials available for laboratory investigations, and that have the potential to reveal the original history of water in the Earth–Moon system. Here, we report in-situ measurements of hydroxyl (OH) content and H isotopic composition of the mineral apatite from four lunar highlands samples (two norites, a troctolite, and a granite clast) collected during the Apollo missions. Apart from troctolite in which the measured OH contents in apatite are close to our analytical detection limit and its H isotopic composition appears to be severely compromised by secondary processes, we have measured up to ~2200 ppm OH in the granite clast with a weighted average δD of ~-105±130‰, and up to ~3400 ppm OH in the two norites (77215 and 78235) with weighted average δD values of -281±49‰ and -27±98‰, respectively. The apatites in the granite clast and the norites are characterised by higher OH contents than have been reported so far for highlands samples, and have H isotopic compositions similar to those of terrestrial materials and some carbonaceous chondrites, providing one of the strongest pieces of evidence yet for a common origin for water in the Earth–Moon system. In addition, the presence of water, of terrestrial affinity, in some samples of the earliest-formed lunar crust suggests that either primordial terrestrial water survived the aftermath of the putative impact-origin of the Moon or water was added to the Earth–Moon system by a common source immediately after the accretion of the Moon

Water in evolved lunar rocks: Evidence for multiple reservoirs

We have measured the abundance and isotopic composition of water in apatites from several lunar rocks representing Potassium (K), Rare Earth Elements (REE), and Phosphorus (P) − KREEP − rich lithologies, including felsites, quartz monzodiorites (QMDs), a troctolite, and an alkali anorthosite. The H-isotope data from apatite provide evidence for multiple reservoirs in the lunar interior. Apatite measurements from some KREEP-rich intrusive rocks display moderately elevated δD signatures, while other samples show δD signatures similar to the range known for the terrestrial upper mantle. Apatite grains in Apollo 15 quartz monzodiorites have the lowest δD values measured from the Moon so far (as low as −749‰), and could potentially represent a D-depleted reservoir in the lunar interior that had not been identified until now. Apatite in all of these intrusive rocks contains 6500 ppm H2O). Complexities in partitioning of volatiles into apatite make this comparison uncertain, but measurements of residual glass in KREEP basalt fragments in breccia 15358 independently show that the KREEP basaltic magmas were low in water. The source of 15358 contained ∼10 ppm H2O, about an order of magnitude lower than the source of the Apollo 17 pyroclastic glass beads, suggesting potential variations in the distribution of water in the lunar interior

Embedded Instruction Kit

The purpose of this project was to create an electronics kit for teaching entry level programming of embedded systems. The kit includes a development board, external hardware modules, software, and teaching materials. The hardware modules consist of a LCD display, Keypad and various user I/O. These modules were then incorporated into lessons for creating several working projects including a Calculator, Clock, Morse Code Interpreter, a Maze Game and Simon Says

Pioneer Valley

The D-Term Mason Square Supermarket project was aimed at building on the work of the C-Term project and determining the feasibility of various aspects of a new market, including public image/perception, business and finance, green technology, security/loss prevention, and banking. The topics to be studied were distributed among the team members. A bulk of information was found, then used to analyze the subject for feasibility and impact. This report discusses the feasibility of various solutions in each area. Additionally, the D-Term team addressed questions posed by the C-Term team

Developing Springfield

The D-Term Mason Square Supermarket project was aimed at building on the work of the C-Term project and determining the feasibility of various aspects of a new market, including public image/perception, business and finance, green technology, security/loss prevention, and banking. The topics to be studied were distributed among the team members. A bulk of information was found, then used to analyze the subject for feasibility and impact. This report discusses the feasibility of various solutions in each area. Additionally, the D-Term team addressed questions posed by the C-Term team

Mason Square Supermarket

The D-Term Mason Square Supermarket project was aimed at building on the work of the C-Term project and determining the feasibility of various aspects of a new market, including public image/perception, business and finance, green technology, security/loss prevention, and banking. The topics to be studied were distributed among the team members. A bulk of information was found, then used to analyze the subject for feasibility and impact. This report discusses the feasibility of various solutions in each area. Additionally, the D-Term team addressed questions posed by the C-Term team

"Developing Springfield" - Mason Square Supermarket

The D-Term Mason Square Supermarket project was aimed at building on the work of the C-Term project and determining the feasibility of various aspects of a new supermarket, including public image/perception, business and finance, green technology, security/loss prevention, and banking. The topics to be studied were distributed among the team members. A bulk of information was found, the used to analyze the subject for feasibility and impact. This report discusses the feasibility of various solutions in each area. Additionally, the D-Term team addressed questions posed by the C-Term team

Laser cladding of bioactive glass coating on pure titanium substrate with highly refined grain structure

Free from toxic elements biomaterial potentially applicable for load bearing biomedical implants was obtained for the first time by laser cladding of S520 bioactive glass onto ultrafine-grained commercially pure titanium. The cladding process affected the refined structure of the substrate inducing martensitic transformation near its surface. The α’ acicular martensite gradually passes into relatively large grains with increasing distance from the substrate surface, which subsequently are transformed into smaller grains of about 2 μm in diameter. Both the melted zone, where the martensite crystalline structure was found, and the HAZ are characterized by relatively lower hardness in comparison with that of the substrate core indicating increased ductility. Such a combination of zones with different properties may have a synergistic effect and is beneficial for the obtained biomaterial. A characteristic region in the form of about 3 µm width band was formed in the melted zone at about 10 µm below the titanium surface. The results of EDS analysis indicate that several glass elements moved into the region while the titanium content in the same area was decreased. High bioactivity of the coated S520 glass was revealed by in vitro testing with SBF solution and almost complete reduction of P concentration occurred after 14 days