PRETREATMENT OPTIMIZATION FOR CERAMIC MICROFILTRATION WITH OZONATION AND COAGULATION FOR THE REUSE OF WASTEWATER EFFLUENT

Ceramic microfiltration (CMF) is a promising alternative to traditional polymeric microfiltration and its chemical resistance makes it particularly attractive for sustainable water reuse applications. This research investigated the ability of ozonation and coagulation as pretreatments to improve the performance of ceramic microfiltration using HHNK’s WWTP in Wervershoof, The Netherlands. With a CMF pilot plant design flow of 200 L/h, critical flux tests were completed using ozonation individually and with coagulation sequentially to evaluate the ceramic membrane filtration performance. Results showed that with an ozone residual before the ceramic membrane, the performance increased significantly compared to no pretreatment and without an ozone residual. 11 target pharmaceuticals were also sampled to monitor the removal using different ozone doses testing the requirements from Dutch Water Authority regulations. One limitation to using ozone is the formation of a suspect human carcinogen, bromate. Using a bench scale ozone testing device, different ratios of hydrogen peroxide to ozone dose were tested to observe the formation of bromate and how hydrogen peroxide mitigates it. Results showed that the ozone residual during the experiments was a helpful indication of the resulting bromate formation. The triple bottom line also needs to be taken into consideration when optimizing the pretreatment processes. Specifically, the financial aspect when applying the pretreatment methods at a full-scale facility with more energy and chemical costs

The Artisan Lienholder vs. the Perfected Security Interest

An artisan who furnishes labor and materials for the repair of chattel property has a valid common law lien upon such property for the reasonable value of his labor and materials while he retains possession of the property. A common law lien has been defined as a right extended to a person to retain that which is in his possession belonging to another, until the demand or charge of the person in possession is paid or satisfied

An experimental and petrologic investigation of the source regions of lunar magmatism in the context of the primordial differentiation of the Moon

The primordial differentiation of the Moon via a global magma ocean has become the paradigm under which all lunar data are interpreted. The success of this model in explaining multiple geochemical, petrologic, and isotopic characteristics lunar geology has led to magma oceans becoming the preferred model for the differentiation of Earth, Mars, Mercury, Vesta, and other large terrestrial bodies. The goal of this work is to combine petrologic analyses of lunar samples with high pressure, high temperature petrologic experiments to place new and detailed constraints the petrogenetic processes that operated during different stages of lunar magmatism, the processes that have acted upon these magmas to obscure their relationship to their mantle source regions, and how those source regions fit into the context of the lunar magma ocean model. This work focuses on two important phases of lunar magmatism: the ancient crust-building plutonic lithologies of the Mg-suite dating to ~4.3 Ga, and the most recent known mare basaltic magmas dating to ~3 Ga. These samples provide insight into the petrogenesis of magmas and interior thermal state when the Moon was a hot, juvenile planet, and also during the last gasps of magmatism from a cooling planet. Chapter 1, focusing on Mg-suite troctolite 76535, presents data on chromite symplectites, olivine-hosted melt inclusions, intercumulus mineral assemblages, and cumulus mineral chemistry to argue that the 76535 was altered by metasomatism by a migrating basaltic melt. This process could effectively raise radioisotope systems above their mineral-specific blocking temperatures and help explain some of the Mg-suite-FAN age overlap. Chapter 2 focuses on lunar meteorites NWA 4734, 032, and LAP 02205, which are 3 of the 5 youngest igneous samples from the Moon. Using geochemical and isotopic data combined with partial melting models, it is shown that these basalts do not have a link to the KREEP reservoir, and a model is presented for low-degree partial melting of late-stage LMO cumulates to generate Fe-rich partial melts. Chapter 3 presents datasets from NWA 032 that document one of the only occurrences of oscillatory zoning in lunar minerals. A model is presented that explains the zoning patterns in olivine and pyroxene by convection in a differentially cooling magma chamber. Constraints from mineral chemistry and isotopic compositions show that magma mixing was not a factor during this convection. Lastly, chapter 4 presents the results of high-pressure, high-temperature petrologic experiments on the compositions of the LAP 02205 group basalts, and NEA 003A, the latter of which is also one of the youngest basalts from the Moon. These results show that the LAP group basalts are likely the result of extreme olivine fractionation, whereas NEA 003A not only has the deepest known multiple saturation point amongst crystalline mare basalts, but also may be a near-primary melt. Possible parental melt compositions are calculated for these basalts, and models are presents for the petrogenesis of these basalts and discussed in the context of a cooling lunar mantle. These studies illustrate the importance of different LMO cumulate source regions in lunar magmatism at very different points in the thermal and magmatic evolution of the Moon

A Case for Computers in Law Practice

There is no profession which has more to gain from dramatic new technological developments for the automation of information than the legal profession

Experimental simulation of Lunar Magma Ocean crystallization : insights into mantle composition and the source regions of lunar basaltic magmatism

Crystallization of the Lunar Magma Ocean has been empirically modeled and its products inferred from sample observations, but it has never been fully tested experimentally. Presented in this study is the first experimental simulation of lunar differentiation. Two end-member bulk Moon compositions are considered: one enriched in refractory lithophile elements relative to Earth and one with no such enrichment. A two-stage model of magma ocean crystallization based on geophysical models is simulated and features early crystal suspension and equilibrium crystallization followed by fractional crystallization of the residual liquid. An initially entirely molten Moon is assumed. The study presented below focuses on the early cumulates formed by equilibrium crystallization, differences in mantle mineralogy resulting from different bulk Moon compositions and the implications for the source regions for secondary lunar magmatism. There are significant differences in the crystallization sequence between the two bulk compositions. Refractory element enriched bulk Moon compositions produce a deep mantle that contains garnet and minor Cr-spinel in addition to low-Ca pyroxene and olivine. Compositions without refractory element enrichment produce low-Ca pyroxene bearing dunite mantles without an aluminous phase such as garnet. The differences in bulk composition are magnified in the residual melt and the TWM residual will produce plagioclase and ilmenite earlier and in greater quantities. Both compositions produce Mg-rich early cumulate piles that extend from the core-mantle boundary to ~355 km depth, if 50% equilibrium crystallization and whole Moon melting are assumed. Although they physically encompass the depth of the low-Ti green glass source, mantle lithologies such as these provide poor fits for the green glass source regions. They are both too Mg-rich and Al- and Ca-poor. Thus, additional processes such as cumulate mixing must be called upon to create the green glass source at the appropriate depths. However, these early LMO cumulates provide good fits for the source regions for a component of the high-Mg*, Ni- and Co-poor parental magmas of the Mg-suite cumulates. These LMO cumulates could generate partial melts meeting the criteria of the Mg-suite parent by KREEP hybridization induced melting in the source and/or decompression melting followed by assimilation of a high-Al component

Anti-Parasitic Compounds from Streptomyces sp. Strains Isolated from Mediterranean Sponges

Actinomycetes are prolific producers of pharmacologically important compounds accounting for about 70% of the naturally derived antibiotics that are currently in clinical use. In this study, we report on the isolation of Streptomyces sp. strains from Mediterranean sponges, on their secondary metabolite production and on their screening for anti-infective activities. Bioassay-guided isolation and purification yielded three previously known compounds namely, cyclic depsipeptide valinomycin, indolocarbazole alkaloid staurosporine and butenolide. This is the first report of the isolation of valinomycin from a marine source. These compounds exhibited novel anti-parasitic activities specifically against Leishmania major (valinomycin IC50 < 0.11 μM; staurosporine IC50 5.30 μM) and Trypanosoma brucei brucei (valinomycin IC50 0.0032 μM; staurosporine IC50 0.022 μM; butenolide IC50 31.77 μM). These results underscore the potential of marine actinomycetes to produce bioactive compounds as well as the re-evaluation of previously known compounds for novel anti-infective activities