47 research outputs found

    Capital stranding cascades: The impact of decarbonisation on productive asset utilisation

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    This article develops a novel methodological framework to investigate the exposure of eco- nomic systems to the risk of physical capital stranding. Combining Input-Output (IO) and network theory, we define measures to identify both the sectors likely to trigger relevant capital stranding cascades and those most exposed to capital stranding risk. We show how, in a sample of ten European countries, mining is among the sectors with the highest external asset strand- ing multipliers. The sectors most affected by capital stranding triggered by decarbonisation include electricity and gas; coke and refined petroleum products; basic metals; and transporta- tion. From these sectors, stranding would frequently cascade down to chemicals; metal products; motor vehicles water and waste services; wholesale and retail trade; and public administration. Finally, we provide an estimate for the lower-bound amount of assets at risk of transition-related stranding, which is in the range of 0.6-8.2% of the overall productive capital stock for our sample of countries, mainly concentrated in the electricity and gas sector, manufacturing, and mining. These results confirm the systemic relevance of transition-related risks on European societies.Series: Ecological Economic Paper

    Transitioning toward sustainable consumption at the Swedish local governance level

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    Municipalities have a prominent role to play in the transition to the sustainable society by governing changes at the local level. Based on a quantitative survey of Swedish municipalities, this study has given us a broad perspective on barriers and enablers in Swedish municipalities' efforts to plan, develop, and implement measures for governing the transition to sustainable consumption. By using a classification of municipalities belonging to certain groups, we find that municipalities characterized by having a city at their cores seem to have progressed further in their work to address sustainable consumption than municipalities characterized as more rural or as commuting municipalities near cities or towns. We also find that, though a large share of municipalities in Sweden report working systematically on sustainable consumption, their potential appears to not be fully realized, limited primarily by a lack of political support and key resources. We identify opportunities to establish more responsive governance structures as important for addressing these issues, where interactions at multiple levels are required to achieve successful governance of Sweden's work on sustainable consumption and address the barriers identified by this study. Higher levels of governance should offer greater support and guidance to municipalities in their work. We also advocate for more robust collaborations between municipalities to prevent them from working in isolation, build capacity, and foster greater knowledge exchange between municipality groups. This would strengthen municipalities' ability to catalyze transformational change, which is crucial if they are to meet their own high ambitions related to sustainable consumption and help institute the changes needed to enable the fulfillment of the long-term sustainability challenges we face, such as those articulated in the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

    Improving Security for SCADA Sensor Networks with Reputation Systems and Self-Organizing Maps

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    The reliable operation of modern infrastructures depends on computerized systems and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, which are also based on the data obtained from sensor networks. The inherent limitations of the sensor devices make them extremely vulnerable to cyberwarfare/cyberterrorism attacks. In this paper, we propose a reputation system enhanced with distributed agents, based on unsupervised learning algorithms (self-organizing maps), in order to achieve fault tolerance and enhanced resistance to previously unknown attacks. This approach has been extensively simulated and compared with previous proposals

    The TREAT-NMD DMD Global Database: analysis of more than 7,000 Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutations.

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    Analyzing the type and frequency of patient-specific mutations that give rise to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an invaluable tool for diagnostics, basic scientific research, trial planning, and improved clinical care. Locus-specific databases allow for the collection, organization, storage, and analysis of genetic variants of disease. Here, we describe the development and analysis of the TREAT-NMD DMD Global database (http://umd.be/TREAT_DMD/). We analyzed genetic data for 7,149 DMD mutations held within the database. A total of 5,682 large mutations were observed (80% of total mutations), of which 4,894 (86%) were deletions (1 exon or larger) and 784 (14%) were duplications (1 exon or larger). There were 1,445 small mutations (smaller than 1 exon, 20% of all mutations), of which 358 (25%) were small deletions and 132 (9%) small insertions and 199 (14%) affected the splice sites. Point mutations totalled 756 (52% of small mutations) with 726 (50%) nonsense mutations and 30 (2%) missense mutations. Finally, 22 (0.3%) mid-intronic mutations were observed. In addition, mutations were identified within the database that would potentially benefit from novel genetic therapies for DMD including stop codon read-through therapies (10% of total mutations) and exon skipping therapy (80% of deletions and 55% of total mutations)

    Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

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    Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

    Sustainable consumption for policymakers: measuring, learning and acting

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    Current patterns and levels of consumption are a key driver of unsustainable resource use and pollution, which contributes to global environmental degradation. Rapid reductions in environmental pressures are required to avoid irreversible loss of fragile ecosystems and social and economic crises. Consumption must become sustainable. Governments have an essential role to play in delivering this. The aim of this thesis is to examine three aspects of the policymaking process on sustainable consumption – measuring, learning and acting – and the links between them. Each aspect has a linked objective. Measuring: Assess existing and novel techniques for calculating the environmental pressures of consumption that enable government to measure and monitor a country’s progress towards sustainable consumption Learning: Determine whether – and, if so, how – consumption-based indicators might better support policymaker learning on sustainable consumption Acting: Identify ways in which governments can enhance their actions to support sustainable consumption The research is presented in six papers and organised in three parts: one for each objective. Parts 1 and 2 investigate current and future opportunities for policymakers to measure the environmental pressures linked to their country’s consumption, what these mean for achieving sustainable consumption and whether consumption-based indicators support learning about sustainable consumption. These parts are based on the Swedish experience of sustainable consumption. Part 3 examines various sustainable consumption interventions and what these could mean for government action in the future. This part draws on examples from several countries. Qualitative and quantitative methods are used to answer these questions. These comprise systematic review and mapping, macro-environment economic modelling and analysis, interviews, workshops and focus groups. The results provide a number of insights. First, novel consumption-based measurements for Sweden highlight the scale of the challenge involved in achieving sustainable consumption and the importance of increasing the policy applicability of indicators. Second, while indicators provide some learning for policymakers, their contribution to changing existing practices and navigating political or institutional barriers is limited. The learning potential of indicators is constrained by institutional environments. Instead, learning must be structured and enabled by institutions. Third, with regard to the actions studied, increased government involvement appears a necessary and, to some actors, desirable option. Nonetheless, a number of barriers to and enabling factors for policy action to promote sustainable consumption must be considered. In terms of the connections between the three elements of measuring, learning and acting, what might first appear to be a linear relationship is in reality far more complex. Measurement does not necessarily lead to learning – and learning is not always followed by action. Policymakers act without the level of knowledge they would like while indicators remain unused and, in some cases, are even rejected. Learning comes from practitioners’ involvement in action, as well as research into the actions themselves, the problem and solutions. Understanding government efforts on measuring, learning and action to promote sustainable consumption offers insights into how these multiple factors might contribute, separately and together, to more sustainable consumption.Nuvarande konsumtionsmönster och konsumtionsnivĂ„er Ă€r huvudsakliga drivkrafter bakom ohĂ„llbar anvĂ€ndning av naturresurser och förorening vilka bidrar till global miljöförstöring. En snabb minskning av negativ miljöpĂ„verkan Ă€r nödvĂ€ndig för att undvika en irreversibel förlust av kĂ€nsliga ekosystem och socio-ekonomisk kris. Konsumtionen mĂ„ste dĂ€rför bli mer hĂ„llbar och myndigheter har en viktig roll att spela för att uppnĂ„ detta mĂ„l. Syftet med denna avhandling Ă€r att undersöka tre aspekter av beslutsfattandeprocesser kring hĂ„llbar konsumtion – mĂ€tning av miljöpĂ„verkan, lĂ€rande och Ă„tgĂ€rder – samt kopplingarna mellan dessa. Varje aspekt Ă€r kopplad till ett mĂ„l; MĂ€tning av miljöpĂ„verkan: UtvĂ€rdering av existerande och nya metoder för berĂ€kning av miljöpĂ„verkan kopplad till konsumtion som möjliggör för myndigheter att mĂ€ta och följa upp en nations Ă„tgĂ€rder för att uppnĂ„ hĂ„llbar konsumtion LĂ€rande: FaststĂ€llande av ifall och pĂ„ vilket sĂ€tt konsumtionsbaserade indikatorer kan vara ett bĂ€ttre stöd för beslutsfattare i lĂ€randeprocessen kring hĂ„llbar konsumtion ÅtgĂ€rder: Identifiering av pĂ„ vilka sĂ€tt myndigheter kan förstĂ€rka och förbĂ€ttra sina Ă„tgĂ€rder för att stödja en mer hĂ„llbar konsumtion Forskningen presenteras i sex artiklar och Ă€r uppdelad i tre delar, en för varje mĂ„l. Del 1 och 2 undersöker nuvarande och framtida möjligheter för beslutsfattare att mĂ€ta miljöpĂ„verkan kopplad till nationell konsumtion, vad dessa möjligheter innebĂ€r för att uppnĂ„ mĂ„let om hĂ„llbar konsumtion samt ifall anvĂ€ndning av konsumtionsbaserade indikatorer stödjer lĂ€rande kring hĂ„llbar konsumtion. De tvĂ„ första delarna Ă€r baserade pĂ„ svensk erfarenhet av arbete kring hĂ„llbar konsumtion. Den tredje delen undersöker en rad interventioner framtagna för att uppnĂ„ hĂ„llbar konsumtion, och vad dessa kan innebĂ€ra för myndigheters agerande i framtiden. Denna del bygger pĂ„ exempel frĂ„n ett flertal lĂ€nder. Kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder anvĂ€nds för att besvara frĂ„gestĂ€llningarna. Dessa omfattar bland annat systematisk granskning, sammanstĂ€llning och kartlĂ€ggning av existerande forskning, miljö-ekonomisk modellering och analys, intervjuer, workshops och konsultationer i fokusgrupper. Resultaten i denna avhandling bidrar med ett flertal insikter. Först, belyser nya fotavtrycksberĂ€kningar för Sverige omfattningen av utmaningen att uppnĂ„ hĂ„llbar konsumtion samt vikten av att öka indikatorers tillĂ€mpbarhet för beslutsfattandeprocesser. För det andra visar resultaten att Ă€ven om indikatorer kan bidra med ett visst lĂ€rande för beslutsfattare Ă€r deras bidrag till att förĂ€ndra nuvarande tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt och navigera politiska och institutionella hinder begrĂ€nsad. Potentialen för att de skall bidra till ett ökat lĂ€rande kring hĂ„llbar konsumtion Ă€r dessutom begrĂ€nsad av den institutionella omgivningen. Kunskapsuppbyggnad och lĂ€rande mĂ„ste istĂ€llet struktureras och möjliggöras genom institutioner. Slutligen belyser forskningen att en ökad inblandning av myndigheter verkar vara en nödvĂ€ndig, och av vissa aktörer en önskvĂ€rd lösning. Med detta sagt finns det ett antal barriĂ€rer och möjliggörande faktorer som mĂ„ste övervĂ€gas vid beslutsfattande för att lyckas frĂ€mja hĂ„llbar konsumtion. NĂ€r det gĂ€ller sambanden mellan de tre elementen som studerats i denna avhandling; mĂ€tning av miljöpĂ„verkan, lĂ€rande och Ă„tgĂ€rder, Ă€r det som först kan tyckas vara linjĂ€ra relationer mer komplexa. MĂ€tning av miljöpĂ„verkan leder inte nödvĂ€ndigtvis till lĂ€randeivoch en lĂ€randeprocess följs inte alltid av Ă„tgĂ€rder. Beslutsfattare agerar utan den kunskapsnivĂ„ de egentligen efterstrĂ€var och indikatorer förblir oanvĂ€nda och i vissa fall till och med avfĂ€rdade. Kunskap och lĂ€rande byggs upp genom att utövare tvingas till handling, och att sjĂ€lva agerandet, problemet och lösningarna i sin tur studeras. En ökad förstĂ„else av myndigheters insatser för mĂ€tning av miljöpĂ„verkan, lĂ€rande och agerande för att frĂ€mja hĂ„llbar konsumtion erbjuder insikter i hur dessa tre faktorer kan bidra, bĂ„de separat och tillsammans, till en mer hĂ„llbar konsumtion.QC 20191115</p

    Sustainable consumption for policymakers: measuring, learning and acting

    No full text
    Current patterns and levels of consumption are a key driver of unsustainable resource use and pollution, which contributes to global environmental degradation. Rapid reductions in environmental pressures are required to avoid irreversible loss of fragile ecosystems and social and economic crises. Consumption must become sustainable. Governments have an essential role to play in delivering this. The aim of this thesis is to examine three aspects of the policymaking process on sustainable consumption – measuring, learning and acting – and the links between them. Each aspect has a linked objective. Measuring: Assess existing and novel techniques for calculating the environmental pressures of consumption that enable government to measure and monitor a country’s progress towards sustainable consumption Learning: Determine whether – and, if so, how – consumption-based indicators might better support policymaker learning on sustainable consumption Acting: Identify ways in which governments can enhance their actions to support sustainable consumption The research is presented in six papers and organised in three parts: one for each objective. Parts 1 and 2 investigate current and future opportunities for policymakers to measure the environmental pressures linked to their country’s consumption, what these mean for achieving sustainable consumption and whether consumption-based indicators support learning about sustainable consumption. These parts are based on the Swedish experience of sustainable consumption. Part 3 examines various sustainable consumption interventions and what these could mean for government action in the future. This part draws on examples from several countries. Qualitative and quantitative methods are used to answer these questions. These comprise systematic review and mapping, macro-environment economic modelling and analysis, interviews, workshops and focus groups. The results provide a number of insights. First, novel consumption-based measurements for Sweden highlight the scale of the challenge involved in achieving sustainable consumption and the importance of increasing the policy applicability of indicators. Second, while indicators provide some learning for policymakers, their contribution to changing existing practices and navigating political or institutional barriers is limited. The learning potential of indicators is constrained by institutional environments. Instead, learning must be structured and enabled by institutions. Third, with regard to the actions studied, increased government involvement appears a necessary and, to some actors, desirable option. Nonetheless, a number of barriers to and enabling factors for policy action to promote sustainable consumption must be considered. In terms of the connections between the three elements of measuring, learning and acting, what might first appear to be a linear relationship is in reality far more complex. Measurement does not necessarily lead to learning – and learning is not always followed by action. Policymakers act without the level of knowledge they would like while indicators remain unused and, in some cases, are even rejected. Learning comes from practitioners’ involvement in action, as well as research into the actions themselves, the problem and solutions. Understanding government efforts on measuring, learning and action to promote sustainable consumption offers insights into how these multiple factors might contribute, separately and together, to more sustainable consumption.Nuvarande konsumtionsmönster och konsumtionsnivĂ„er Ă€r huvudsakliga drivkrafter bakom ohĂ„llbar anvĂ€ndning av naturresurser och förorening vilka bidrar till global miljöförstöring. En snabb minskning av negativ miljöpĂ„verkan Ă€r nödvĂ€ndig för att undvika en irreversibel förlust av kĂ€nsliga ekosystem och socio-ekonomisk kris. Konsumtionen mĂ„ste dĂ€rför bli mer hĂ„llbar och myndigheter har en viktig roll att spela för att uppnĂ„ detta mĂ„l. Syftet med denna avhandling Ă€r att undersöka tre aspekter av beslutsfattandeprocesser kring hĂ„llbar konsumtion – mĂ€tning av miljöpĂ„verkan, lĂ€rande och Ă„tgĂ€rder – samt kopplingarna mellan dessa. Varje aspekt Ă€r kopplad till ett mĂ„l; MĂ€tning av miljöpĂ„verkan: UtvĂ€rdering av existerande och nya metoder för berĂ€kning av miljöpĂ„verkan kopplad till konsumtion som möjliggör för myndigheter att mĂ€ta och följa upp en nations Ă„tgĂ€rder för att uppnĂ„ hĂ„llbar konsumtion LĂ€rande: FaststĂ€llande av ifall och pĂ„ vilket sĂ€tt konsumtionsbaserade indikatorer kan vara ett bĂ€ttre stöd för beslutsfattare i lĂ€randeprocessen kring hĂ„llbar konsumtion ÅtgĂ€rder: Identifiering av pĂ„ vilka sĂ€tt myndigheter kan förstĂ€rka och förbĂ€ttra sina Ă„tgĂ€rder för att stödja en mer hĂ„llbar konsumtion Forskningen presenteras i sex artiklar och Ă€r uppdelad i tre delar, en för varje mĂ„l. Del 1 och 2 undersöker nuvarande och framtida möjligheter för beslutsfattare att mĂ€ta miljöpĂ„verkan kopplad till nationell konsumtion, vad dessa möjligheter innebĂ€r för att uppnĂ„ mĂ„let om hĂ„llbar konsumtion samt ifall anvĂ€ndning av konsumtionsbaserade indikatorer stödjer lĂ€rande kring hĂ„llbar konsumtion. De tvĂ„ första delarna Ă€r baserade pĂ„ svensk erfarenhet av arbete kring hĂ„llbar konsumtion. Den tredje delen undersöker en rad interventioner framtagna för att uppnĂ„ hĂ„llbar konsumtion, och vad dessa kan innebĂ€ra för myndigheters agerande i framtiden. Denna del bygger pĂ„ exempel frĂ„n ett flertal lĂ€nder. Kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder anvĂ€nds för att besvara frĂ„gestĂ€llningarna. Dessa omfattar bland annat systematisk granskning, sammanstĂ€llning och kartlĂ€ggning av existerande forskning, miljö-ekonomisk modellering och analys, intervjuer, workshops och konsultationer i fokusgrupper. Resultaten i denna avhandling bidrar med ett flertal insikter. Först, belyser nya fotavtrycksberĂ€kningar för Sverige omfattningen av utmaningen att uppnĂ„ hĂ„llbar konsumtion samt vikten av att öka indikatorers tillĂ€mpbarhet för beslutsfattandeprocesser. För det andra visar resultaten att Ă€ven om indikatorer kan bidra med ett visst lĂ€rande för beslutsfattare Ă€r deras bidrag till att förĂ€ndra nuvarande tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt och navigera politiska och institutionella hinder begrĂ€nsad. Potentialen för att de skall bidra till ett ökat lĂ€rande kring hĂ„llbar konsumtion Ă€r dessutom begrĂ€nsad av den institutionella omgivningen. Kunskapsuppbyggnad och lĂ€rande mĂ„ste istĂ€llet struktureras och möjliggöras genom institutioner. Slutligen belyser forskningen att en ökad inblandning av myndigheter verkar vara en nödvĂ€ndig, och av vissa aktörer en önskvĂ€rd lösning. Med detta sagt finns det ett antal barriĂ€rer och möjliggörande faktorer som mĂ„ste övervĂ€gas vid beslutsfattande för att lyckas frĂ€mja hĂ„llbar konsumtion. NĂ€r det gĂ€ller sambanden mellan de tre elementen som studerats i denna avhandling; mĂ€tning av miljöpĂ„verkan, lĂ€rande och Ă„tgĂ€rder, Ă€r det som först kan tyckas vara linjĂ€ra relationer mer komplexa. MĂ€tning av miljöpĂ„verkan leder inte nödvĂ€ndigtvis till lĂ€randeivoch en lĂ€randeprocess följs inte alltid av Ă„tgĂ€rder. Beslutsfattare agerar utan den kunskapsnivĂ„ de egentligen efterstrĂ€var och indikatorer förblir oanvĂ€nda och i vissa fall till och med avfĂ€rdade. Kunskap och lĂ€rande byggs upp genom att utövare tvingas till handling, och att sjĂ€lva agerandet, problemet och lösningarna i sin tur studeras. En ökad förstĂ„else av myndigheters insatser för mĂ€tning av miljöpĂ„verkan, lĂ€rande och agerande för att frĂ€mja hĂ„llbar konsumtion erbjuder insikter i hur dessa tre faktorer kan bidra, bĂ„de separat och tillsammans, till en mer hĂ„llbar konsumtion.QC 20191115</p
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