Discipline and escape: Mexican migrant workers’ subjectivities in New York Abstr act

Este artículo muestra el carácter contradictorio en las subjetividades que ponen en juego migrantes mexicanos de origen rural al insertarse mayoritariamente al mercado de trabajo de los restaurantes y a la vida en Nueva York. Teniendo “el poder despótico del capital” y la “fuga” del “trabajo vivo” como ejes polares de las relaciones de poder en las que se mueven los migrantes, se muestra, con base en un caso etnográfico, que las subjetividades y las prácticas nunca se mueven en un sólo sentido de estos polos, sino que están atravesadas por el antagonismo. Así, se analiza cómo los migrantes se disciplinan, al mismo tiempo que desafían el carácter embridado del trabajo que realizan en los restaurantes, donde la disposición y explotación de su mano de obra se produce por una combinación de ilegalización, precarización y subjetivación. En consecuencia, se presentan distintos sentidos de “fuga” desde el punto de vista de las visiones de los migrantes en torno a la subordinación y a la disciplina del trabajo en Nueva York, en contraposición a la subordinación del trabajo campesino en su localidad de origen, desde el punto de vista de un campo multipolar de defección y sustracción, en donde las “fugas” parecen más las marcas de un proceso tenso y contradictorio de transiciones constantes, que líneas unidireccionales de huidaThis article deals with the contradictory nature of the subjectivities that mexican rural migrants in the United States put into play as they join the catering industry labor market and social life in New York. Considering the ‘despotic power of capital’ and the ‘flight’ of active labour as two poles of power relations in which migrants feature, this paper will show that the subjectivities and practices never move in one direction within these poles, but that they are crossed through with antagonism. Thus, the analysis will concern how migrants are disciplined, as they defy the restrained character of the work they carry out in the restaurants, where the disposition and exploitation of their labour is produced by a combination of illegality, precarity, and subjectivization. As a consequence, different meanings of ‘flight’ are introduced from the point of view of the migrants and in relation to the subordination and the discipline of the work in New York. This can be contrasted with the subordination of the rural work in their place of origin, from the viewpoint of a multipolar field of defection and subtraction, where the ‘flight’ appears to be more the marking of a tense and contradictory process, than a one-directional line of escap

La integración de inmigrantes y sus disputas políticas. Cubanos en Puebla, México

This article presents the results of an exploratory research on the different manifestations of social integration of Cubans settled in Mexico during 2019. Through a preliminary study in the State of Puebla, we present the results obtained and contrast them with previous research regarding patterns of migration and social integration of Cubans in Mexico. Emphasis is placed on the implications in light of the changes in the normative dimension of the current Cuba-Mexico-United States immigration system. The primary findings demonstrate the increasing trend of the migratory flow, suggesting the hypothesis of a change in the pattern of establishment, of a staggered one, with the ultimate goal of arriving in the United States, to one with a project of permanence in Mexico. It concludes the new ways of inquiry, with an extension of the time frame and the establishment of migratory cohorts before and after 2017, year that appears as a key in the establishment of the surveyed study subjects. Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación exploratoria sobre diferentes manifestaciones de integración social de cubanos asentados en México durante el 2019. Se analizan los resultados de una investigación preliminar en la ciudad de Puebla y se contrastan con estudios previos sobre patrones de migración e integración social de cubanos en México. Se pone énfasis en sus implicaciones a la luz de los cambios en la dimensión normativa del actual sistema migratorio Cuba-México-Estados Unidos. Los principales hallazgos muestran la tendencia creciente del flujo migratorio, sugiriendo la hipótesis de un cambio en el patrón de establecimiento, de uno escalonado, con fin último la llegada a los Estados Unidos, a uno con proyecto de permanencia en México. Se concluye sobre nuevas vías de indagación, con una ampliación del marco temporal y el establecimiento de cohortes migratorios antes y después de 2017, año que aparece como clave en el establecimiento de los sujetos de estudio encuestados.

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Caravanas de migrantes y su impugnación a la cara humanitaria de la violencia fronteriza norteamericana

Este artículo analiza cómo los migrantes centroamericanos en tránsito por México durante los últimos años del siglo XXI han desplegado nuevas formas de enfrentarse a la violencia de los controles fronterizos del régimen fronterizo estadounidense. Se analiza la relación entre la violencia, los controles migratorios y sus dispositivos, con los procesos de acumulación de capital en Estados Unidos y la explotación de recursos y mano de obra en México y Centroamérica, de donde los migrantes han realizado una huida masiva desde mediados de los años ochenta. Describe las caravanas de migrantes centroamericanos que adquirieron notoriedad mediática en 2018, como cuerpos políticos en movimiento, que cuestionan los diferentes dispositivos de confinamiento que han experimentado en los últimos años al transitar ilegalizados y criminalizados desde hace varias décadas. El enfoque del capítulo es analítico y etnográfico, para mostrar de qué manera podemos observar cómo las caravanas de migrantes cuestionan y desafían los discursos derechistas y se oponen a la violencia del gobierno migratorio del régimen fronterizo estadounidense.This articule discusses how Central American migrants in transit through Mexico during the last years of the 21st century have deployed new ways of dealing with the violence of border controls in the US border regime. It analyzes the relationship between violence, immigration controls and their devices, with the processes of capital accumulation in the United States and the exploitation of resources and labor in Mexico and Central America, from where migrants have made a massive flight from mid-eighties. It describes the caravans of Central American migrants that acquired media notoriety in 2018, as political bodyments in motion, which question the different confinement devices that they have experienced in recent years when transiting illegalized and criminalized for several decades. The focus of the chapter is analytical and ethnographic, in order to show in what ways we can observe how the migrant caravans question and challenge the right-humanist discourses and oppose the violence of the migration government of the US border regime