Fremont-Smith: The Foundations and Government: State and Federal Law and Supervision

Digimergo är en digitalisering av Emergo Train System, ett system där personal inom räddningstjänst kan öva på olika katastrofscenarion. För att göra Digimergo användbart behövdes ytterligare programvara: ett administrationsverktyg till övningar och en scenarioeditor. I det programvaruutvecklingsprojekt som denna rapport behandlar har ny programvara utvecklats och integrerats med det ursprungliga Digimergosystemet. I den här rapporten diskuteras vilka risker som existerar när ny funktionalitet skall läggas till ett gammalt projekt samt hur dessa risker kan minimeras. Rapporten undersöker också vilka utvecklingsmetoder som lämpar sig i projekt där ny funktionalitet ska läggas till befintliga system. Resultatet visar att den största risken med att utöka befintliga projekt är att underskatta tiden som krävs för att sätta sig in i projektet i fråga. Det mest effektiva sättet att minimera risken för detta är att mycket tidigt studera det tidigare arbetet och utbilda projektmedlemmarna i det gamla systemet. Ett annat angreppssätt är att välja en metod som är flexibel när det kommer till nya risker eller ändringar i projektets plan, förslagsvis iterativa metoder

Une approche de la criminalité féminine à travers l’exemple du hooliganisme

La question du genre est un fait reconnu depuis très longtemps dans la construction des actes délictueux. Pourtant, dans le cas très précis du hooliganisme, aucune étude ne s’est jamais intéressée à l’existence ou non de femmes hooligans. Est-ce à dire qu’il n’en existe pas ? La réalité sociale du hooliganisme en Europe est bien différente. Il existe des femmes hooligans. Leur négation tient à de multiples raisons : l’absence de traitement de la singularité, les a priori positifs dont jouissent les femmes quant aux comportements violents, l’utilisation d’une définition trop restrictive du hooliganisme qui empêche de comprendre la genèse de certains événements et la place des femmes dans ceux-ci, la difficulté de penser une violence féminine alors que certaines femmes subissent chaque jour de nombreuses formes de violence. À travers l’étude des noyaux durs des groupes de supporters du soccer en France, on observe cependant qu’un certain nombre d’entre elles reconnaissent participer et avoir participé à des actes hooligans. Elles possèdent parfois des rôles et des statuts importants au sein des groupes qui les ont obligatoirement confrontées à la violence. Si, physiquement, elles ne sont pas au coeur des affrontements les plus durs, elles sont parfois les instigatrices ou les égéries de certains groupes pour qui la violence est une partie intégrante et intégrative du supportérisme.For a long time, gender has been recognised as a significant matter in constructing criminal acts. Yet, in hooliganism in particular, no study has ever been focused on whether there are female hooligans or not. Does it mean there aren’t any? Socially, European hooliganism is much different in reality: there are female hooligans. They are denied for many reasons: peculiarity has not been studied, positive prejudices are attributed to women when touching on violent behaviours, the definition of hooliganism is too restrictive and hides the origins of events and women’s roles in such events, or it is difficult to imagine there are violent women when some of them are the everyday victims of many sorts of violence. By studying the hard cores of French supporters, we observed that a certain number of females admitted they were taking part or had taken part in hooligan acts. Sometimes they played significant roles and status within the groups and it inevitably brought them to violence. Physically, they were not at the heart of the hardest clashes, but they may have been the inciters or the driving forces of the groups for which violence is an integral and integrating part of supporterism

Hur påverkas markvegetationen i boreala skogsekosystem av produktionshöjande åtgärder?

I den boreala vegetationszonens skogar är kväve i regel en tillväxtbegränsande faktor som ofta har en avgörande effekt på markvegetationen. Markvegetationen har betydelse för biologiska processer, biodiversitet och ger ekosystemtjänster. Kväve tillkommer dessa ekosystem genom atmosfärisk kvävedeposition, kvävefixering och skogsgödsling. I och med krav på ökad produktion kan skogsgödsling bli en allt vanligare åtgärd inom skogsbruket vilket skulle öka kvävemängderna i skogen. Vi undersökte därför vilken effekt detta skulle kunna ha på en medelgod tallskogs markvegetation. Vår studie baserades på data från Skogforsks gödslingsförsök 165, Hagfors. Gödslingsbehandlingarna pågick med olika intervall och doser från 1981 till 2003. Sex arters täckningsgrader, uppmätta och skattade under sex år från och med avverkningen 2006 samlades in och tilldelades oss. Utvecklingen på försöksytorna jämfördes med utvecklingen på obehandlade kontrollytor. Med dessa data analyserade vi effekten av de två gödslingsbehandlingarna på markvegetationens utveckling efter avverkningen. Analyserna säkerställde inte att kvävegödslingarna hade en effekt på markvegetationens utveckling. Däremot säkerställdes en återkommande tidsmässig effekt på markvegetationens utveckling på både de gödslingsbehandlade ytorna och kontrollytorna. Detta tolkade vi som en kraftig hyggeseffekt som överskuggade eventuell effekt av gödslingsbehandlingarna. Försökets gödslingsbehandlingar var mångdubbelt kraftigare än dagens rekommenderade skogsgödslingar och atmosfäriska kvävedeposition. Därför kan detta resultat tolkas som att dagens skogsgödslingsåtgärder och kvävedeposition inte har någon nämnvärd effekt på markvegetationens utveckling efter avverkningar, jämfört med hyggeseffekten. Därmed inte sagt att skogsgödsling saknar effekt på markvegetationen, bara att denna studie inte kunde visa på den. För att testa generaliteten i studiens resultat krävs fler försöksstudier på ståndorter med varierande produktivitet.In forests of the boreal vegetation region, nitrogen is commonly a growth limiting factor and of great importance to the forest floor vegetation. The forest floor vegetation is essential to biological processes, biodiversity and providing ecosystem services. Nitrogen enters these ecosystems through atmospheric deposition, nitrogen fixation and forest fertilization. As the demand for forest production is increased, the more common fertilization might be which ought to alter the forest’s nitrogen supply. Therefore we wanted to examine the effects that modified nitrogen levels would have on forest floor vegetation of a common, medium rich pine forest. Our study was based on data of the Skogforsk experiment 165, Hagfors. The nitrogen fertilization treatments were conducted with different intervals and intensities on the site from 1981 until 2003. The data collected and assigned to us, was the cover data of six different species, measured and estimated during six consecutive years from clear cutting in 2006. The vegetation development on fertilized plots was compared to that of control plots. With these data we analyzed the effects of fertilization on the development of forest floor vegetation after the clear-cut. Statistical analysis could not determine whether nitrogen fertilization affected the development of forest floor vegetation. But a reoccurring effect on the development of forest floor vegetation is that of time, both on fertilized and untreated plots. This was interpreted as the effect of clear-cutting, overriding possible effects of fertilization. The intensities of these fertilization treatments were much higher than the sum of recommended forest fertilization and nitrogen deposition. Therefore we do not expect forest fertilization and atmospheric deposition to affect forest floor vegetation development after clear-cuttings, compared to the clear-cut effects. Though this does not mean that forest fertilization has no effect at all, just that this study could not detect it. To test the generality of these results additional experimental studies are needed and in stands of varying productivity

A Certified JavaScript Interpreter

International audienceThis paper describes the design and implementation of the interpreter. It is organized as follows. Section 1 introduces the semantics of JavaScript and highlights some of its peculiarities. Section 2 describes the interpreter's design and implementation. Section 3 addresses the interpreter's correctness. Finally, Section 4 concludes with future and related work

Continuous control of an underground loader using deep reinforcement learning

Reinforcement learning control of an underground loader is investigated in simulated environment, using a multi-agent deep neural network approach. At the start of each loading cycle, one agent selects the dig position from a depth camera image of the pile of fragmented rock. A second agent is responsible for continuous control of the vehicle, with the goal of filling the bucket at the selected loading point, while avoiding collisions, getting stuck, or losing ground traction. It relies on motion and force sensors, as well as on camera and lidar. Using a soft actor-critic algorithm the agents learn policies for efficient bucket filling over many subsequent loading cycles, with clear ability to adapt to the changing environment. The best results, on average 75% of the max capacity, are obtained when including a penalty for energy usage in the reward.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure

An Abstract Separation Logic for Interlinked Extensible Records

International audienceThe memory manipulated by JavaScript programs can be seen as a heap of extensible records storing values and pointers. We define a separation logic for describing such structures. In order to scale up to full-fledged languages such as JavaScript, this logic must be integrated with existing abstract domains from abstract interpretation. However, the frame rule—which is a central notion in separation logic—does not easily mix with abstract interpretation. We present a domain of heaps of interlinked extensible records based on both separation logic and abstract interpretation. The domain features spatial conjunction and uses summary nodes from shape analyses. We show how this domain can accommodate an abstract interpretation including a frame rule

Statistical features of edge turbulence in RFX-mod from Gas Puffing Imaging

Plasma density fluctuations in the edge plasma of the RFX-mod device are measured through the Gas Puffing Imaging Diagnostics. Statistical features of the signal are quantified in terms of the Probability Distribution Function (PDF), and computed for several kinds of discharges. The PDFs from discharges without particular control methods are found to be adequately described by a Gamma function, consistently with the recent results by Graves et al [J.P. Graves, et al, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 47, L1 (2005)]. On the other hand, pulses with external methods for plasma control feature modified PDFs. A first empirical analysis suggests that they may be interpolated through a linear combination of simple functions. An inspection of the literature shows that this kind of PDFs is common to other devices as well, and has been suggested to be due to the simultaneous presence of different mechanisms driving respectively coherent bursts and gaussian background turbulence. An attempt is made to relate differences in the PDFs to plasma conditions such as the local shift of the plasma column. A simple phenomenological model to interpret the nature of the PDF and assign a meaning to its parameters is also developed.Comment: 27 pages. Published in PPC

Verification of high-level transformations with inductive refinement types

International audienceHigh-level transformation languages like Rascal include expressive features for manipulating large abstract syntax trees: first-class traversals, expressive pattern matching, backtrack-ing and generalized iterators. We present the design and implementation of an abstract interpretation tool, Rabit, for verifying inductive type and shape properties for transformations written in such languages. We describe how to perform abstract interpretation based on operational semantics, specifically focusing on the challenges arising when analyzing the expressive traversals and pattern matching. Finally, we evaluate Rabit on a series of transformations (normaliza-tion, desugaring, refactoring, code generators, type inference, etc.) showing that we can effectively verify stated properties. CCS Concepts • Software and its engineering → General programming languages; • Social and professional topics → History of programming languages

Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified sterile VIRGIN® Atlantic salmon for use in research trials in aquaculture sea-cages

One of the substantial environmental challenges posed by the aquaculture industry is the escape of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), which can mate with wild Atlantic salmon and alter the genetic composition of the wild populations. One potential solution to mitigate this issue is the cultivation of sterile salmon in aquaculture. Atlantic salmon can be made sterile by pressure or temperature treatment of newly fertilized eggs to produce triploids, which are functionally sterile due to their unpaired chromosomes. However, these triploids often perform poorly on commercial fish farms and the production of triploid salmon in Norway is put on hold due to welfare issues of the fish. In this application, the Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, seeks to rear genetically modified sterile Atlantic salmon (VIRGIN® salmon) in a marine aquaculture environment from the post-smolt stage until harvest. The research trials are to take place in small, open sea cages (net pens) at the IMR Matre Aquaculture Research Station from autumn 2023 until February 2025. The Norwegian Environment Agency has asked VKM to assess the environmental risks associated with this field trial according to the Gene Technology Act and using risk assessment guidance from the European Food Safety Authority, EFSA.Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified sterile VIRGIN® Atlantic salmon for use in research trials in aquaculture sea-cagespublishedVersionpublishedVersio