158 research outputs found
Recommended from our members
Jersey milk suitability for Cheddar cheese production: process, yield, quality and financial impacts
The aim of this study was to first evaluate the benefits of including Jersey milk into
Holstein-Friesian milk on the Cheddar cheese making process and secondly, using the data
gathered, identify the effects and relative importance of a wide range of milk components
on milk coagulation properties and the cheese making process.
Blending Jersey and Holstein-Friesian milk led to quadratic trends on the size of casein
micelle and fat globule and on coagulation properties. However this was not found to affect
the cheese making process. Including Jersey milk was found, on a pilot scale, to increase
cheese yield (up to + 35 %) but it did not affect cheese quality, which was defined as
compliance with the legal requirements of cheese composition, cheese texture, colour and
grading scores. Profitability increased linearly with the inclusion of Jersey milk (up to
11.18 p£ L-1 of milk). The commercial trials supported the pilot plant findings,
demonstrating that including Jersey milk increased cheese yield without having a negative
impact on cheese quality, despite the inherent challenges of scaling up such a process
commercially.
The successful use of a large array of milk components to model the cheese making
process challenged the commonly accepted view that fat, protein and casein content and
protein to fat ratio are the main contributors to the cheese making process as other
components such as the size of casein micelle and fat globule were found to also play a key
role with small casein micelle and large fat globule reducing coagulation time, improving
curd firmness, fat recovery and influencing cheese moisture and fat content.
The findings of this thesis indicated that milk suitability for Cheddar making could be
improved by the inclusion of Jersey milk and that more compositional factors need to be
taken into account when judging milk suitability
Recommended from our members
Effect of blending Jersey and Holstein-Friesian milk on Cheddar cheese processing, composition and quality
The effect of Jersey milk use solely or at different inclusion rates in Holstein-Friesian milk on Cheddar cheese production was investigated. Cheese was produced every month over a year using nonstandardized milk consisting of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% Jersey milk in Holstein-Friesian milk in a 100-L vat. Actual, theoretical, and moisture-adjusted yield increased linearly with percentage of Jersey milk. This was also associated with increased fat and protein recoveries and lower yield of whey. The composition of whey was also affected by the percentage of Jersey milk, with lower whey protein and higher whey lactose and solids. Cutting time was lower when Jersey milk was used, but the cutting to milling time was higher because of slower acidity development. Hence, overall cheesemaking time was not affected by the use of Jersey milk. Using Jersey milk increased cheese fat content in autumn, winter, and spring and decreased cheese moisture in spring and summer. Cheese protein, salt, and pH levels were not affected. Cheese was analyzed for texture and color, and it was professionally graded at 3 and 8 mo. The effect of Jersey on cheese sensory quality was an increase in cheese yellowness during summer and a higher total grading score at 3 mo in winter; no other difference in cheese quality was found. The study indicates that using Jersey milk is a valid method of improving Cheddar cheese yield
Demonstration of the temporal matter-wave Talbot effect for trapped matter waves
We demonstrate the temporal Talbot effect for trapped matter waves using
ultracold atoms in an optical lattice. We investigate the phase evolution of an
array of essentially non-interacting matter waves and observe matter-wave
collapse and revival in the form of a Talbot interference pattern. By using
long expansion times, we image momentum space with sub-recoil resolution,
allowing us to observe fractional Talbot fringes up to 10th order.Comment: 17 pages, 7 figure
Longitudinal double-spin asymmetry and cross section for inclusive neutral pion production at midrapidity in polarized proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 200 GeV
We report a measurement of the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry A_LL and
the differential cross section for inclusive Pi0 production at midrapidity in
polarized proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 200 GeV. The cross section was
measured over a transverse momentum range of 1 < p_T < 17 GeV/c and found to be
in good agreement with a next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculation.
The longitudinal double-spin asymmetry was measured in the range of 3.7 < p_T <
11 GeV/c and excludes a maximal positive gluon polarization in the proton. The
mean transverse momentum fraction of Pi0's in their parent jets was found to be
around 0.7 for electromagnetically triggered events.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. D (RC
Kaon Production and Kaon to Pion Ratio in Au+Au Collisions at \snn=130 GeV
Mid-rapidity transverse mass spectra and multiplicity densities of charged
and neutral kaons are reported for Au+Au collisions at \snn=130 GeV at RHIC.
The spectra are exponential in transverse mass, with an inverse slope of about
280 MeV in central collisions. The multiplicity densities for these particles
scale with the negative hadron pseudo-rapidity density. The charged kaon to
pion ratios are and
for the most central collisions. The ratio is lower than the same
ratio observed at the SPS while the is higher than the SPS result.
Both ratios are enhanced by about 50% relative to p+p and +p
collision data at similar energies.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl
Detector Description and Performance for the First Coincidence Observations between LIGO and GEO
For 17 days in August and September 2002, the LIGO and GEO interferometer
gravitational wave detectors were operated in coincidence to produce their
first data for scientific analysis. Although the detectors were still far from
their design sensitivity levels, the data can be used to place better upper
limits on the flux of gravitational waves incident on the earth than previous
direct measurements. This paper describes the instruments and the data in some
detail, as a companion to analysis papers based on the first data.Comment: 41 pages, 9 figures 17 Sept 03: author list amended, minor editorial
change
Azimuthal anisotropy at RHIC: the first and fourth harmonics
We report the first observations of the first harmonic (directed flow, v_1),
and the fourth harmonic (v_4), in the azimuthal distribution of particles with
respect to the reaction plane in Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion
Collider (RHIC). Both measurements were done taking advantage of the large
elliptic flow (v_2) generated at RHIC. From the correlation of v_2 with v_1 it
is determined that v_2 is positive, or {\it in-plane}. The integrated v_4 is
about a factor of 10 smaller than v_2. For the sixth (v_6) and eighth (v_8)
harmonics upper limits on the magnitudes are reported.Comment: 6 pages with 3 figures, as accepted for Phys. Rev. Letters The data
tables are at
http://www.star.bnl.gov/central/publications/pubDetail.php?id=3
Mid-rapidity anti-proton to proton ratio from Au+Au collisions at GeV
We report results on the ratio of mid-rapidity anti-proton to proton yields
in Au+Au collisions at \rts = 130 GeV per nucleon pair as measured by the
STAR experiment at RHIC. Within the rapidity and transverse momentum range of
and 0.4 1.0 GeV/, the ratio is essentially independent of
either transverse momentum or rapidity, with an average of for minimum bias collisions. Within errors, no
strong centrality dependence is observed. The results indicate that at this
RHIC energy, although the -\pb pair production becomes important at
mid-rapidity, a significant excess of baryons over anti-baryons is still
present.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted by Phys. Rev. Let
Strange anti-particle to particle ratios at mid-rapidity in sqrt(s_NN)= 130 GeV Au+Au Collisions
Values of the ratios in the mid-rapidity yields of anti-Lambda/Lambda = 0.71
+/- 0.01(stat.) +/- 0.04(sys.), anti-Xi+/Xi- = 0.83 +/- 0.04(stat.) +/- 0.05
(sys.), anti-Omega+/Omega- = 0.95 +/- 0.15(stat) +/- 0.05(sys.) and K+/K- 1.092
+/- 0.023(combined) were obtained in central sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV Au+Au
collisions using the STAR detector. The ratios indicate that a fraction of the
net-baryon number from the initial system is present in the excess of hyperons
over anti-hyperons at mid-rapidity. The trend in the progression of the baryon
ratios, with increasing strange quark content, is similar to that observed in
heavy-ion collisions at lower energies. The value of these ratios may be
related to the charged kaon ratio in the framework of simple quark-counting and
thermal models.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, revtex4, now accepted by Physics Letters B. All
figures improved for clarity, fig. 2 now has kaon ratio separated by
technique, fig. 3 now has additional other RHIC data points. Minor
clarifications in text in response to referee comments. Updated ref
- …