Study of etiopathogenesis and clinical profile of patients presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding

Background: AUB is a common condition affecting 14-25% of women of reproductive age and may have a significant impact on their physical, social, emotional and material quality of life. AUB can occur at any age in various forms and has different modes of presentation. The key to successful clinical management is to recognize or identify the causative factors responsible.Methods: This study was conducted over 100 patients. Patients with complaints of menstrual irregularity between menarche to premenopausal age group were considered. Data about age, parity, menstrual history, obstetric history, medical history, physical examination, thyroid function test, radiological findings and histopathology were collected and studied.Results: Incidence of AUB is more common in 5th decade of life. Menorrhagia is the most common bleeding pattern. It is concluded that DUB is the most common cause of AUB. Among the other organic pathological causes, fibroid is the commonest. Maximum number of apparently normal patients with abnormal uterine bleeding belong to category of sub clinical hypothyroid.Conclusions: Accurate analysis of endometrial sample is the key to effective therapy and rational approach to treatment of women with abnormal uterine bleeding

Maternal and perinatal outcome in women with threatened abortion in first trimester

Background: Threatened abortion in first trimester is a risk factor for complications in the latter half of pregnancy. The present study was undertaken to identify the pregnancy outcome in women with threatened abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy in a tertiary hospital.Methods: A retrospective-prospective observational study was done on 100 pregnant women with a history of threatened abortion in the first trimester. Maternal outcome in the form of pregnancy loss, APH/PPH, Preeclampsia/eclampsia, PROM/PPROM, term delivery and retained placenta were studies. Perinatal outcome in the form of preterm delivery, Low Birth Weight, IUGR and IUFD were studied. Analysis of the data was done using SPSS version 17.Results: Threatened abortion in first trimester was found to be associated with increased risks of LBW, preterm births, PPROM, and PIH. Out of 100 patients, preterm births and LBW babies were found in 21% and 13% of patients respectively. 15% of the cases developed PIH, out of which gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia were 8% and 6% respectively.Conclusions: Pregnant women with first trimester threatened abortion are at increased risk for spontaneous loss and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Knowledge of these risks may help the obstetricians to manage these cases vigorously in the antepartum period and do timely interventions as needed for a healthy mother and baby

The effectiveness of b-lynch sutures in management of atonic postpartum haemorrhage during caesarean section

Background: Surgical methods of controlling uterine bleeding by inserting compression sutures have been developed to reduce the incidence of emergency hysterectomy and to preserve fertility in patients with atonic postpartum haemorrhage (PPH).  The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of B-Lynch suture in management of atonic PPH and to determine whether timely application of B-Lynch suture in uncontrolled atonic PPH obviates the need for hysterectomy and thus help in pursuing subsequent fertility.Methods: A prospective observational study of 30 patients who underwent B-Lynch suturing for atonic PPH during lower segment cesarian section (LSCS), refractory to medical line of management was conducted. The amount of blood loss, need for blood transfusion and hysterectomy were noted. The patients were followed-up for 6 months for any late postoperative complications and for any infertility issues.Results: The procedure was successful in 100% of the cases following failure of medical line of management. None of them required hysterectomy or uterine devascularisation. All patients had uneventful puerperium. No evidence of ischemic necrosis or pyometra on assessment of patients on 6 month follow up.Conclusions: This procedure proves to be a valuable addition for surgical treatment of atonic PPH and great advantage in young patients with restoration of future fertility with the added advantage of lesser time of application, lesser blood loss, lesser blood transfusion, lesser skill required. Thus, B-Lynch suturing can be adopted as a mid-step before resorting to uterine devascularisation or hysterectomy when medical line of management fails

Impact of COVID-19 infection on maternal near miss cases in tertiary care centre

Background: The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has exposed vulnerable populations to a health crisis. Since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 outbreak, it has been argued whether pregnant women are at increased risk of severe infection.1 The objective of this study was to summarize the effect of COVID-19 on maternal near miss cases.Methods: This single-centre prospective observational study, included all consecutive pregnant women with COVID-19 infection admitted to Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital (Mumbai, India), a tertiary referral hospital, from 1 April 2020, to 20 December 2020. In this study, a total of 46 patients were included in near miss cases, who required ICU admission with severe morbidity. Of these, 8 patients were COVID-19 positive and remaining 38 patients were included in control group (COVID-19 negative). The course of each of their stay in ward was noted and findings were compared in both the groups. Results: During their course in ICU it was found that 6 COVID-19 patients had maternal death representing 75% and 12 non-COVID-19 patients had maternal death representing 31.57%.  Conclusions: The mortality rate from the above results concludes that in this study mortality appeared to be higher in COVID-19 infection. Multi-centre retrospective analysis with larger population size is required in order for this to be statistically significant

A 16-year-old with borderline mucinous tumor of the left ovary

Incidence of ovarian malignancy in children and adolescents is 1 to 1.5% with non-epithelial tumors being the most common type. Ovarian mucinous tumors commonly seen in third to sixth decade, are rarely seen in adolescents. Timely diagnosis and management are important to save patient’s life and fertility. We are presenting an interesting case of a 16-year-old girl with atypical borderline mucinous ovarian tumor.

Human protein reference database—2006 update

Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD) () was developed to serve as a comprehensive collection of protein features, post-translational modifications (PTMs) and protein–protein interactions. Since the original report, this database has increased to >20 000 proteins entries and has become the largest database for literature-derived protein–protein interactions (>30 000) and PTMs (>8000) for human proteins. We have also introduced several new features in HPRD including: (i) protein isoforms, (ii) enhanced search options, (iii) linking of pathway annotations and (iv) integration of a novel browser, GenProt Viewer (), developed by us that allows integration of genomic and proteomic information. With the continued support and active participation by the biomedical community, we expect HPRD to become a unique source of curated information for the human proteome and spur biomedical discoveries based on integration of genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data

Combined search for the quarks of a sequential fourth generation

Results are presented from a search for a fourth generation of quarks produced singly or in pairs in a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 inverse femtobarns recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2011. A novel strategy has been developed for a combined search for quarks of the up and down type in decay channels with at least one isolated muon or electron. Limits on the mass of the fourth-generation quarks and the relevant Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements are derived in the context of a simple extension of the standard model with a sequential fourth generation of fermions. The existence of mass-degenerate fourth-generation quarks with masses below 685 GeV is excluded at 95% confidence level for minimal off-diagonal mixing between the third- and the fourth-generation quarks. With a mass difference of 25 GeV between the quark masses, the obtained limit on the masses of the fourth-generation quarks shifts by about +/- 20 GeV. These results significantly reduce the allowed parameter space for a fourth generation of fermions.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO