Archaeogenetic analysis of Neolithic sheep from Anatolia suggests a complex demographic history since domestication

Yurtman, ozer, Yuncu et al. provide an ancient DNA data set to demonstrate the impact of human activity on the demographic history of domestic sheep. The authors demonstrate that there may have been multiple domestication events with notable changes to the gene pool of European and Anatolian sheep since the Neolithic. Sheep were among the first domesticated animals, but their demographic history is little understood. Here we analyzed nuclear polymorphism and mitochondrial data (mtDNA) from ancient central and west Anatolian sheep dating from Epipaleolithic to late Neolithic, comparatively with modern-day breeds and central Asian Neolithic/Bronze Age sheep (OBI). Analyzing ancient nuclear data, we found that Anatolian Neolithic sheep (ANS) are genetically closest to present-day European breeds relative to Asian breeds, a conclusion supported by mtDNA haplogroup frequencies. In contrast, OBI showed higher genetic affinity to present-day Asian breeds. These results suggest that the east-west genetic structure observed in present-day breeds had already emerged by 6000 BCE, hinting at multiple sheep domestication episodes or early wild introgression in southwest Asia. Furthermore, we found that ANS are genetically distinct from all modern breeds. Our results suggest that European and Anatolian domestic sheep gene pools have been strongly remolded since the Neolithic

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Havayolu Operasyon Yönetiminde Teknik Aksaklıklar

A decision is a choice made between two or more suitable alternatives. Making a decision is an important process of researching, obtaining and selecting options to be used at the right time and at the right place in relation to the activities to be carried out to achieve a certain goal. Organizations have certain decision levels in a hierarchical structure. These are in the form of strategic decisions, managerial decisions, and operational decisions and are also valid for airline companies. In airline operations management, which is the general subject of this study, the aim is to contribute to the goals of the airline business by making decisions in line with strategic and managerial decisions. It can be observed that airline companies operating in an intense competitive environment are seeking solutions to eliminate problems that may arise during the operation period and thus gain an advantage in the competition. With the necessity of managing the operation more effectively, the AOCC (Airline Operation Control Center) units were established. The AOCC aims to identify and eliminate problems or factors that may turn into problems with operations process employees such as team planning, revenue management, dispatch, technical follow-up, aircraft assignment, and monitoring the units performing the operation with devices such as computer programs and radiofrequency. In short, they keep track of the operation. Thus, by trying to prevent problems from turning into disruptions, the operational costs are kept at an optimum level and strategic goals of the airline business are contributed to. One of the operation monitoring units within the AOCC department is the technical follow-up desk. This unit monitors the technical operation performed in the apron and the aerodrome and tries to solve the problems that may arise before they turn into a disruption. The purpose of this study is to create a general algorithm for solving technical problems during the operation period of AOCC (72 hours before departure time) and especially in the 5-hour period before departure time. To create this algorithm, 20 participants working in the AOCC technical monitoring unit at airline companies in Turkey operating with a fleet with more than 10 aircraft with a capacity of 20 or more seats were interviewed and they were asked to create an algorithm for solving technical problems and malfunctions in OCC operation period. As a result of these interviews, the algorithm specified in the findings section has emerged. This algorithm shows certain technical problems can be solved before they turn into a disruption, and in some cases, the disruption is inevitable. Thus, it can be concluded that AOCC can reduce operation costs by managing technical problems at an optimum level and thus contribute to the achievement of the strategic goals of the airline business. In addition, it has been concluded that technical service agreements in non-base aerodrome due to insufficient aircraft resources have significant importance. For the same reason, it can be said that the problems in the aerodromes outside the base that are solved with aircraft source will result in disruption. Because in general there is no aircraft source in non-base aerodrome of the airlines. Finally, it is thought that later this study will be developed and converted into a computer program to contribute to the elimination of problems in airway management

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A TWO DIMENSIONAL HEAT TRANSFER ON OPEN CELL ALUMINUM FOAMS

Bu çalışmada açık hücreli alüminyum köpükler ısı değiştirici formuna getirilip iki boyutlu ısı transferi deneysel ve sayısal olarak incelenmiştir. 10, 20 ve 30 PPI (Number of Pores Per Inch) gözenek yoğunluklarına sahip açık hücre alüminyum köpükler sabit ısı akısı için ısı değiştiricinin kanatlarını oluşturmuştur. Alüminyum köpük üzerinde, X-Y düzleminde özellikle ısıtıcıya yakın bölgelerde sık olarak yerleştirilen ısıl çiftlerle sıcaklıklar ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen sıcaklıklar yardımıyla bütün yüzey üzerindeki sıcaklık dağılımı bulunmuştur. Grafikler, yüzey sıcaklıkları ve giriş sıcaklığı (?T) arasındaki farka dayalı olarak çizilmiştir. Ayrıca her üç ısı değiştirici için basınç düşüşü bulunmuştur. Sistem için iki boyutlu ısı transferi denklemleri sayısal olarak elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen denklemler merkezi fark yöntemi kullanılarak çözülmüştür.In this study, heat transfer was investigated in open cell aluminum foams formed into a heat exchanger experimentally and numerically as two dimensional. The open cell aluminum foams with pore density of 10, 20, 30 PPI were used as the heat exchanger fins formed for a constant heat flow. Temperatures were measured using thermocouples located on several points in the X-Y planes of the aluminum foams especially on areas near the heaters. The temperature distribution for the whole area was obtained from the measured temperatures,. The graphs were plotted based on the difference between the surface temperatures and the inlet temperature (?T). In aditıon for each of the three heat exchanger pressure drop was found. Two dimensional heat transfer equations for the system were derived in the numerical solution. Then the obtained equations were discretized by using the central difference method and finally solved

A Sectoral Hierarchical Clustering Analysis of Smes in Turkey with Respect to General Support Programs

Abstract Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) have to be supported by appropriate programs especially in developing countries. Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization (KOSGEB) is the institution that supports SMEs in Turkey to survive in the domestic and global markets by taking the responsibility of support programs. In this sense, effective and efficient management of support programs by considering sectoral requirements are crucial for the success and survival of SMEs. Hierarchical clustering analysis is a multivariate technique to build a binary tree of data and visualize a summary. The aim of this study is to investigate the success of general support programs of KOSGEB in Turkey, to determine SMEs which are supported by these programs, to lend assistance to SMEs in Turkey for involving in appropriate programs with respect to their sectors and so, for playing more important roles on domestic and global markets by the agency of hierarchical clustering analysis. In this study, general support programs for SMEs in Turkey were summarized with respect to sectors by hierarchical clustering analysis of the years 2010 and 2011. Ward's hiearchical analysis was preferred to analyze the data, which is mostly used method for social sciences. Results of the analyses have suggested that sectors of SMEs in Turkey were generally agglomerated in two or three clusters for both years. KOSGEB can consider the similarities of sectors to take advantage of general support programs and look for improved support opportunities to encourage these sectors for providing these support programs efficiently

Archaeogenetic analysis of Neolithic sheep from Anatolia suggests a complex demographic history since domestication

Sheep was among the first domesticated animals, but its demographic history is little understood. Here we present combined analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear polymorphism data from ancient central and west Anatolian sheep dating to the Late Glacial and early Holocene. We observe loss of mitochondrial haplotype diversity around 7500 BCE during the early Neolithic, consistent with a domestication-related bottleneck. Post-7000 BCE, mitochondrial haplogroup diversity increases, compatible with admixture from other domestication centres and/or from wild populations. Analysing archaeogenomic data, we further find that Anatolian Neolithic sheep (ANS) are genetically closest to present-day European breeds, and especially those from central and north Europe. Our results indicate that Asian contribution to south European breeds in the post-Neolithic era, possibly during the Bronze Age, may explain this pattern

Understanding migration of shhep from its domestication center in Southeast Anatolia to West Anatolia by using of ancient mtDNA: Preliminary results

Sheep domestication started in Southeast Anatolia about 10 000 years before common era (BCE) and spread to from there to other regions by demic diffusion of managed/domesticated sheep, cultural diffusion or both. To contribute to the understanding of the process of sheep domestication and spread within Anatolia, ancient sheep bones were collected from three archaeological sites; Barcın Höyük (Bursa, 6500-2300 BCE), Tepecik Çiftlik Höyük (Niğde, 6850- 5800 BCE) and Yeşilova Höyük (İzmir, 6252-5800 BCE). Ancient DNA was extracted from these samples and 144 bp long fragment of mitochondrial DNA control region was sequenced. Genetic continuity between sheep populations from lower levels of Barcın (Barcın1,6500-6100 BCE)- upper levels of Barcın (Barcın2, 3800-2300 BCE), Tepecik Çiftlik - Barcın 1 and Tepecik Çiftlik - Yeşilova Höyük was tested assuming exponential growth, mutation rate range of 10-8 to 10-6 and effective population size range between 50 to 1500. Genetic continuity between Barcın 1-2 and Tepecik Çiftlik - Barcın1 could not be rejected. However, continuity was rejected for Tepecik Çiftlik - Yeşilova for low mutations rates and/or low population sizes. Our preliminary results suggest that West-central Anatolian sheep originates from another gene pool than the Central and North-west Anatolian sheep

Microsporum audouinii tinea capitis in a Swiss school: assessment and management of patients and asymptomatic carriers

We report three cases involving 7- to 8-year-old children from a Swiss school who had refractory tinea capitis due to an unusual strain of Microsporum audouinii which perforates hair in vitro. The patients showed no response to modern oral antifungal drugs like terbinafine and fluconazole. After switching to oral griseofulvin, two of the patients had a complete recovery, while the third was cured after the introduction of oral itraconazole. Given the high potential for contagion of this anthropophilic dermatophyte, all family members and three entire school classes were screened using the 'toothbrush technique'. Three family members and five class-mates were found to be asymptomatic carriers of M. audouinii and were consequently treated to avoid further transmission or reinfection of the treated patients. This is the first report of an outbreak of M. audouinii in Switzerland and underlines the importance of screening all contacts of patients with M. audouinii tinea capitis. Further, the effectiveness of griseofulvin in Microsporum tinea capitis has been corroborated, while newer antimycotic drugs like fluconazole or terbinafine failed