Invention du surréalisme et découverte critique du baroque

Cette thèse entreprend d'étudier l'invention du surréalisme en regard de la découverte critique du baroque. L'art et la littérature baroques sont nés à la fin du XVIe siècle, mais seront occultés pendant près de deux cents ans. Ce n'est qu'à la fin du XIXe siècle qu'on les redécouvre et qu'on construit même une notion pour les désigner, le baroque. Au courant du XXe siècle, les travaux sur le baroque se multiplient dans toute l'Europe et tentent d'adapter les critères de cette notion issue de l'histoire de l'art à la littérature. Tandis que les chercheurs français commencent peu à peu à s'emparer de cet objet d'étude, le surréalisme se constitue en tant que mouvement et ne cesse de rechercher des prédécesseurs qui ne s'inscrivent pas dans l'histoire littéraire des manuels scolaires. Sans défendre une vision transhistorique du baroque, cette étude interroge d'une part, l'influence de cette notion moderne sur le surréalisme et, de l'autre, les affinités entre les artistes et auteurs nommés baroques et ceux surréalistes. À travers un historique de la réception du baroque, il s'agit dans un premier temps de montrer ce à quoi correspondait précisément la notion de baroque au moment où le surréalisme en était encore à ses débuts, soit jusqu'à la première moitié des années trente. De même, sa perception par les membres du mouvement y est également étudiée. Ce travail de recherche montre ensuite comment la pratique de l'automatisme qui caractérise les débuts du surréalisme est marquée par une théâtralité proprement baroque, telle que les premiers spécialistes l'ont définie. La vision du théâtre chez les baroques et chez les surréalistes se trouve par la suite analysée, afin de montrer cette fois la présence d'éléments communs aux auteurs baroques et à ceux surréalistes. Enfin, le merveilleux surréaliste se trouve mis en parallèle avec la meraviglia baroque, à travers la question des cabinets de curiosités, celle de l'image surréaliste et de la pointe baroque, ainsi que celle du procédé de l'anamorphose.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Surréalisme, Baroque, André Breton, Louis Aragon, Histoire littéraire, Théâtre, Merveilleux

A Framework for Structured Quantum Search

A quantum algorithm for general combinatorial search that uses the underlying structure of the search space to increase the probability of finding a solution is presented. This algorithm shows how coherent quantum systems can be matched to the underlying structure of abstract search spaces, and is analytically simpler than previous structured search methods. The algorithm is evaluated empirically with a variety of search problems, and shown to be particularly effective for searches with many constraints. Furthermore, the algorithm provides a simple framework for utilizing search heuristics. It also exhibits the same phase transition in search difficulty as found for sophisticated classical search methods, indicating it is effectively using the problem structure.Comment: 18 pages, Latex, 7 figures, further information available at ftp://parcftp.xerox.com/pub/dynamics/quantum.htm

Surface effects in flow boiling of R134a in microtubes

This is the post-print version of the Article. The official published version can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2011 ElsevierThe inner surfaces of microtubes may be influenced strongly by the process of making them due to manufacturing difficulties at these scales compared to larger ones, e.g. the surface characteristics of a seamless cold drawn tube may differ from those of a welded tube. Accordingly, flow boiling heat transfer characteristics may vary. In addition, there is no common agreement between researchers on the criteria of selecting tubes for flow boiling experiments. Instead, tubes are usually ordered from commercial suppliers, in many cases without taking into consideration the manufacturing method and its effect on the heat transfer process. This may explain some of the discrepancies in heat transfer characteristics which are found in the open literature. This paper presents a comparison between experimental flow boiling heat transfer results obtained using two different metallic tubes. The first one is a seamless cold drawn stainless steel tube of 1.1 mm inner diameter while the second is a welded stainless steel tube of 1.16 mm inner diameter. Both tubes have a heated length of 150 mm and the flow direction is vertically upwards. The tubes were heated using DC current. Other experimental conditions include: 8 bar system pressure, 300 kg/m2 s mass flux, about 5K inlet sub-cooling and up to 0.9 exit quality. The results are presented in the form of local heat transfer coefficient versus local quality and axial distance. Also, the boiling curves of the two tubes are discussed. The results show a significant effect of tube inner surface morphology on the heat transfer characteristics

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Micro/Mini Channel Flow-Boiling Heat Transfer with Non-Uniform Circumferential Heat Fluxes at Different Rotational Orientations

Flow-boiling of Perfluorohexane (FC-72) in horizontal micro/mini channels was investigated experimen- tally and numerically at different rotational orientations in terms of gravity. One-sided uniform channel heating was considered experimentally for rotational angles ranging from 0 °(heating from below) to 180 °(heating from above) in increments of 30 °. The micro/mini channel had a high aspect ratio of 10 (5 mm x 0.5 mm) and a hydraulic diameter of 909 μm. In-channel flow visualisations were recorded and heat transfer coefficients were determined for mass fluxes of 10, 20 and 40 kg/m 2 s at a saturation temperature of 56 °C. Suitable heat fluxes were applied to span the onset of nucleate boiling to near dry-out conditions within the channel. It was found that the rotational angle had a significant influence on the heat transfer performance due to its influence on bubble detachment. Bottom-heated cases (0 °orientation) resulted in local heat transfer coefficients that were up to 201% higher than for any other rotational orientation. Channel orientations of 60 °(slanted heating surface) and 90 °(heating from the side) generally produced the lowest local heat transfer coefficients. Insight into the influence of the grav- itational orientation on single-bubble growth within the nucleation and detachment region was obtained via two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations. Bubble behaviour after detachment and its effect on heat transfer were also investigated transiently until detachment. The numerical simulations mirrored the experimental trends and it was found that the presence of growing bubbles interrupted the velocity streamlines and the thermal boundary layer downstream of the nucleation sit

Recent structural insights into the function of copper nitrite reductases.

Copper nitrite reductases (CuNiR) carry out the first committed step of the denitrification pathway of the global nitrogen cycle, the reduction of nitrite (NO2(-)) to nitric oxide (NO). As such, they are of major agronomic and environmental importance. CuNiRs occur primarily in denitrifying soil bacteria which carry out the overall reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen. In this article, we review the insights gained into copper nitrite reductase (CuNiR) function from three dimensional structures. We particularly focus on developments over the last decade, including insights from serial femtosecond crystallography using X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) and from the recently discovered 3-domain CuNiRs

Fundamental issues, mechanisms and models of flow boiling heat transfer in microscale channels

This paper presents state-of-the-art review on the fundamental and frontier research of flow boiling heat transfer, mechanisms and prediction methods including models and correlations for heat transfer in microscale channels. First, fundamental issues of current research on flow boiling in microscale channels are addressed. These mainly include the criteria for macroscale and microscale channels. Then, studies on flow boiling heat transfer behaviours and mechanisms in microscale channels are presented. Next, the available correlations and models of flow boiling heat transfer in microscale channels are reviewed and analysed. Comparisons of 12 correlations with a database covering a wide range of test parameters and 8 fluids are presented. It shows that all correlations poorly agree to the database. No generalized model or correlation is able to predict all flow boiling heat transfer data. Furthermore, comparisons of the mechanistic flow boiling heat transfer models based on flow patterns including the Thome et al. three-zone heat transfer model for evaporation in microchannel and the flow pattern based model combining the Thome et al. three zone heat transfer models with the Cioncolini-Thome annular flow model for both macro- and microchannel to the database are presented. It shows that the flow pattern based model combining the three zone model with the annular flow model gives better prediction than the three zone heat transfer model alone. The flow pattern based heat transfer model favourably agrees with the experimental database collected from the literature. According to the comparison and analysis, suggestions have been given for improving the prediction methods in the future. Next, flow patterned based phenomenological models and their applications to microscale channels are presented. Finally, as an important topic, unstable and transient flow boiling phenomena in microscale channels are briefed and recommendations for future research are given. According to this comprehensive review and analysis of the current research on the fundamental issues of flow boiling, mechanisms and prediction methods in microscale channels, the future research needs have been identified and recommended. In general, systematic and accurate experimental data of flow boiling heat transfer in microscale channels are still needed although a large amount of work has been done over the past decades. The channel size effect on the flow boiling behaviours should be systematically investigated. Heat transfer mechanisms in microscale channels should be further understood and related to the corresponding flow patterns. Furthermore, effort should be made to develop and improve generalized mechanistic prediction methods and theoretical models for flow boiling heat transfer in microscale channels according to the physical phenomena/mechanisms and the corresponding flow structures. The effects of the channel size and a wide range of test conditions and fluid types should be considered in develop new methods. Furthermore, systematic experimental, analytical and modeling studies on unstable and transient flow boiling heat transfer in microscale channels should be conducted to understand the physical mechanisms and theoretical models

Cys-Ph-TAHA: a lanthanide binding tag for RDC and PCS enhanced protein NMR

Here we present Cys-Ph-TAHA, a new nonadentate lanthanide tag for the paramagnetic labelling of proteins. The tag can be easily synthesized and is stereochemically homogenous over a wide range of temperatures, yielding NMR spectra with a single set of peaks. Bound to ubiquitin, it induced large residual dipolar couplings and pseudocontact shifts that could be measured easily and agreed very well with the protein structure. We show that Cys-Ph-TAHA can be used to label large proteins that are biochemically challenging such as the Lac repressor in a 90 kDa ternary complex with DNA and inducer

Convenient method for resolving degeneracies due to symmetry of the magnetic susceptibility tensor and its application to pseudo contact shift-based protein–protein complex structure determination

Pseudo contact shifts (PCSs) induced by paramagnetic lanthanide ions fixed in a protein frame provide long-range distance and angular information, and are valuable for the structure determination of protein–protein and protein–ligand complexes. We have been developing a lanthanide-binding peptide tag (hereafter LBT) anchored at two points via a peptide bond and a disulfide bond to the target proteins. However, the magnetic susceptibility tensor displays symmetry, which can cause multiple degenerated solutions in a structure calculation based solely on PCSs. Here we show a convenient method for resolving this degeneracy by changing the spacer length between the LBT and target protein. We applied this approach to PCS-based rigid body docking between the FKBP12-rapamycin complex and the mTOR FRB domain, and demonstrated that degeneracy could be resolved using the PCS restraints obtained from two-point anchored LBT with two different spacer lengths. The present strategy will markedly increase the usefulness of two-point anchored LBT for protein complex structure determination