Protection and Prevention: The Shortcomings of U.S. Copyright Law in Combatting Cultural Appropriation in the Fashion Industry

American fashion represents an eclectic patchwork of diverse experiences and ideas; however, drawing upon Indigenous communities’ cultural identities and sacred traditions can easily cross the line between inspiration and appropriation. In reality, designs derived from culturally significant symbols, which have been stolen from Indigenous communities and stripped of their meaning, flood the American market. From runway shows to sports teams’ mascots to undergarment designs, these manifestations of cultural appropriation occur legally under the existing U.S. copyright regime, and adaptations to the current, Westernized system of intellectual property (IP) rights must integrate Indigenous perceptions of communal ownership with respect to their intellectual property. Copyright protection empowers native communities with both a sword and a shield, allowing for the protection and enforcement of their sacred art forms. By expanding current notions of authorship, copyright protection can extend to traditional designs and protect them from constant appropriation, and quite frankly, stealing by fashion labels. Moreover, granting a valid copyright to Indigenous designs in fashion must be accompanied by the explicit recognition of moral rights to provide comprehensive protection. In the United States, a suit for copyright infringement relies on the existence of a valid copyright; thus, the current law denying these protections to Native American and Alaskan Native communities leaves them without legal remedy when faced with the appropriation of their intellectual property. This Note proceeds in three Parts. Part One discusses Indigenous designs in fashion as a classification of Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCEs). Part Two analyzes the legal framework of U.S. copyright law as it stands and offers insight into the discrepancies between Western and Indigenous notions of intellectual property rights. Finally, Part Three suggests two legislative adaptations to account for these discrepancies and provide for the protection of Indigenous fashion designs, and all classes of TCEs, drawing upon international solutions to this issue

The challenges in the transition to adulthood for foster care youth: a literature review

The years of emerging adulthood are oftentimes filled with both happiness and anxiety while youth move toward adult roles and responsibilities. According to Courtney and Dworsky (2006), a subset of American emerging adults, those who are transitioning out of foster care face greater vulnerability than do their peers in the general population in a number of issues. As a result, this paper reviewed the literature on the challenges faced by these former foster youth, namely relationships, well-being, substance use, education, employment and finances. Limitations of this extant research are noted along with directions in future research on programs designed to facilitate these former foster youth\u27s transition. Lastly, real-world implications of the findings are discussed

A survey of boat-based recreational fishing in inner Shark Bay 2016/17

Monitoring the temporal and spatial variability in recreational fishing provides necessary information for assessing resource sustainability, monitoring resource allocation and informing fisheries management. This is particularly important in inner Shark Bay because recreational fishing occurs in a World Heritage Area and Marine Park. The majority of boat-based recreational fishers in inner Shark Bay target Pink Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) and three genetically distinct stocks of this species occur in the Denham Sound, Eastern Gulf and Freycinet Estuary Management Zones

Objects, actions, and images: a perspective on early number development

It is the purpose of this article to present a review of research evidence that indicates the existence of qualitatively different thinking in elementary number development. In doing so, the article summarizes empirical evidence obtained over a period of 10 years. This evidence first signaled qualitative differences in numerical processing, and was seminal in the development of the notion of procept. More recently, it examines the role of imagery in elementary number processing. Its conclusions indicate that in the abstraction of numerical concepts from numerical processes qualitatively different outcomes may arise because children concentrate on different objects or different aspects of the objects, which are components of numerical processing

Students’ Evolving Meaning About Tangent Line with the Mediation of a Dynamic Geometry Environment and an Instructional Example Space

In this paper I report a lengthy episode from a teaching experiment in which fifteen Year 12 Greek students negotiated their definitions of tangent line to a function graph. The experiment was designed for the purpose of introducing students to the notion of derivative and to the general case of tangent to a function graph. Its design was based on previous research results on students’ perspectives on tangency, especially in their transition from Geometry to Analysis. In this experiment an instructional example space of functions was used in an electronic environment utilising Dynamic Geometry software with Function Grapher tools. Following the Vygotskian approach according to which students’ knowledge develops in specific social and cultural contexts, students’ construction of the meaning of tangent line was observed in the classroom throughout the experiment. The analysis of the classroom data collected during the experiment focused on the evolution of students’ personal meanings about tangent line of function graph in relation to: the electronic environment; the pre-prepared as well as spontaneous examples; students’ engagement in classroom discussion; and, the role of researcher as a teacher. The analysis indicated that the evolution of students’ meanings towards a more sophisticated understanding of tangency was not linear. Also it was interrelated with the evolution of the meaning they had about the inscriptions in the electronic environment; the instructional example space; the classroom discussion; and, the role of the teacher

Justifications-on-demand as a device to promote shifts of attention associated with relational thinking in elementary arithmetic

Student responses to arithmetical questions that can be solved by using arithmetical structure can serve to reveal the extent and nature of relational, as opposed to computational thinking. Here, student responses to probes which require them to justify-on-demand are analysed using a conceptual framework which highlights distinctions between different forms of attention. We analyse a number of actions observed in students in terms of forms of attention and shifts between them: in the short-term (in the moment), medium-term (over several tasks), and long-term (over a year). The main factors conditioning students´ attention and its movement are identified and some didactical consequences are proposed

Ampliación del sistema de abastecimiento de agua para el desarrollo sostenible del centro poblado de Ccaccamarca-distrito de Ocros-Ayacucho

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo principal realizar la ampliación del sistema de abastecimiento de agua para el desarrollo sostenible del centro poblado de Ccaccamarca - distrito de Ocros – Ayacucho. La metodología empleada fue de tipo aplicada con un nivel descriptivo – explicativo, la presente investigación fue no experimental con diseño transversal. Es por ello que se caracterizó la topografía y así se ubicó la fuente de abastecimiento, Luego se determinó el caudal de diseño del centro poblado y finalmente se propuso un diseño de ampliación con los componentes hidráulicos del sistema de abastecimiento de agua potable donde se utilizó los softwares WATERGEMS, AUTOCAD , CIVIL 3D 2019 y hojas de cálculo contrastando con las normas técnicas peruanas OS.010 (2006) Y OS.050 (2006). Los principales resultados fueron que el estudio topográfico es accidentado e irregular, la captación se ubicó en el ojo del agua del centro poblado de Ccaccamarca a una cota de 3210 m.s.n.m., la línea de conducción tiene una pendiente entre 60% a 70%. El reservorio se ubicó estratégicamente a una cota de 3140 m.s.n.m. La red de distribución oscila entre las cotas 3105 m.s.n.m. hasta los 3020 m.s.n.m. El caudal de diseño fue de 1.85 l/s. En efecto la línea de conducción, red de distribución y tramos secundarios, el diámetro fue de 57 mm (2”), 29.4 mm (1”) y 22.90 mm (3/4”), para una longitud de 749.18 metros (L.C) y 3832.89 metros (R.D) respectivamente. Las presiones del sistema fluctuaron entre 5 a 50 m.c.a. y respecto a las velocidades están parcialmente dentro de un rango de 0.60 a 1.49 m/s, Se colocó 1 cámara rompe presión de tipo VII para la red de distribución, las mismas cumplen con lo establecido en la norma OS.010, Norma Técnica de Diseño: Opciones Tecnológicas para sistemas de saneamiento en el Ámbito Rural. Se concluye que el sistema mejora la eficiencia hidráulica en comparación al sistema existente

Effect of different storage conditions on analytical and sensory quality of thermally processed milk based germinated Foxtail millet porridge

Foxtail millet porridge was prepared using germinated grains and milk and was evaluated for its storage stability after thermal processing at Ultra High Temperatures (UHT) of 142 oC for 5 s and Retort processing temperatures of 121.5 oC for 15 min. Various physical, chemical and microbial changes of the porridge were studied for a storage period of 180 days at 25 ± 1 oC. Using consumer perception and survival analysis, the predicted shelf life of the UHT treated and retort processed foxtail millet porridge samples stored at 25 ± 1 oC was found to be 186 ± 9 days and 245 ± 15 days, respectively. Also, data from consumer liking, profiling, physical, chemical and microbial parameters showed significant changes (p < 0.05) in the thermally treated packaged porridge samples over time. As the consumer overall acceptability decreased, the detection of positive attributes (Thick and uniformly coloured texture and appearance; grainy mouth texture; caramel taste and aroma) in the porridge decreased, while the detection of negative attributes (Uneven, decoloured, and curdled texture and appearance; sticky mouth texture; cooked, sour and off smell; cooked, sour and off taste) increased. The present study could establish a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the storage induced properties of UHT and retort processed porridge samples. The analytical evaluation of foxtail millet porridge found that UHT treated porridge was better in quality, but consumers preferred retort processed porridge