“Gladly given for the cause”: New Brunswick Teacher and Student Support for the War Effort, 1914–1918

This article examines the efforts of New Brunswick’s public school teachers and students to support the First World War. Along with participation in the Teachers’ Machine Gun Fund, they were involved in gendered activities such as Home Efficiency Clubs, Cadet Corps, Military Drill, and the “Soldiers of the Soil” movement. Students—male and female, young and old, Anglophone and Francophone—as well as their teachers, also took part in a variety of fundraising efforts that served to reinforce discipline and inculcate patriotism, meeting the state-sponsored definition of a good citizen. By drawing on archival documents, this article highlights the ways that New Brunswick’s teachers and students were inculcated in voluntarism, patriotism, and militarism as they responded to the demands of the war and contributed “for the cause.”Résumé Cet article fait le bilan des efforts des enseignants et des élèves des écoles publiques du Nouveau-Brunswick pour appuyer l’effort de la Première Guerre mondiale. Grâce à la participation du Fonds de la Mitrailleuse des Enseignants, ils ont participé à des activités intégrées, telles que les Clubs d’efficacité au foyer, les Corps de cadets, les Corvées de militaires et le mouvement des « Soldats de la terre ». Des élèves, garçons et filles, jeunes et moins jeunes, francophones et anglophones, ainsi que leurs enseignants, ont également participé à diverses campagnes de financement qui ont servi à renforcer la discipline, à inculquer le patriotisme et à promouvoir la définition d’état de bon citoyen. En se fondant sur des documents d’archives, cet article souligne les moyens par lesquels les enseignants et les étudiants du Nouveau-Brunswick ont embrassé le bénévolat, le patriotisme et le militantisme quand ils ont répondu aux besoins de l’effort de guerre et ont contribué « à la cause ».Cet article fait le bilan des efforts des enseignants et des élèves des écoles publiques du Nouveau-Brunswick pour appuyer l’effort de la Première Guerre mondiale. Grâce à la participation du Fonds de la Mitrailleuse des Enseignants, ils ont participé à des activités intégrées, telles que les Clubs d’efficacité au foyer, les Corps de cadets, les Corvées de militaires et le mouvement des « Soldats de la terre ». Des élèves, garçons et filles, jeunes et moins jeunes, francophones et anglophones, ainsi que leurs enseignants, ont également participé à diverses campagnes de financement qui ont servi à renforcer la discipline, à inculquer le patriotisme et à promouvoir la définition d’état de bon citoyen. En se fondant sur des documents d’archives, cet article souligne les moyens par lesquels les enseignants et les étudiants du Nouveau-Brunswick ont embrassé le bénévolat, le patriotisme et le militantisme quand ils ont répondu aux besoins de l’effort de guerre et ont contribué « à la cause »

Images of Moby-Dick: An exhibition of editions of Herman Melville's great novel of whaling

This publication was made possible by a grant from The National Endowment for the Humanities, a federal agency

Civil, Canon and Common: Aspects of Legal History

An exhibition of books and manuscripts in the Kenneth Spencer Research Librar

Acadian Teacher Identity in Early Twentieth-Century New Brunswick

This research includes an examination of archival documents which trace the awakening Acadian identity of a young New Brunswick teacher during a period in which the province’s public school system constituted a program of English language assimilation. Calixte Savoie later became an Acadian activist and Canadian senator; the narrative of his teaching experience illustrates his mounting frustration, culminating in his 1926 resignation in protest after a dispute over French language education rights. The purpose of this paper is to locate Savoie’s developing Acadian identity in relation to scholarly research about national identity, including works by Philip Buckner, J.M.S. Careless and Benedict Anderson, and to highlight the history of Acadian education in post-World War One New Brunswick

Outlier Loci Detect Intraspecific Biodiversity amongst Spring and Autumn Spawning Herring across Local Scales

Herring, Clupea harengus, is one of the ecologically and commercially most important species in European northern seas, where two distinct ecotypes have been described based on spawning time; spring and autumn. To date, it is unknown if these spring and autumn spawning herring constitute genetically distinct units. We assessed levels of genetic divergence between spring and autumn spawning herring in the Baltic Sea using two types of DNA markers, microsatellites and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, and compared the results with data for autumn spawning North Sea herring. Temporally replicated analyses reveal clear genetic differences between ecotypes and hence support reproductive isolation. Loci showing non-neutral behaviour, so-called outlier loci, show convergence between autumn spawning herring from demographically disjoint populations, potentially reflecting selective processes associated with autumn spawning ecotypes. The abundance and exploitation of the two ecotypes have varied strongly over space and time in the Baltic Sea, where autumn spawners have faced strong depression for decades. The results therefore have practical implications by highlighting the need for specific management of these co-occurring ecotypes to meet requirements for sustainable exploitation and ensure optimal livelihood for coastal communitie

Evaluating genetic traceability methods for captive bred marine fish and their applications in fisheries management and wildlife forensics

Growing demands for marine fish products is leading to increased pressure on already depleted wild populations and a rise in the aquaculture production. Consequently, more captive bred fish are released into the wild through accidental escape or deliberate restocking, stock enhancement and sea ranching programs. The increased mixing of captive bred fish with wild conspecifics may affect the ecological and/or genetic integrity of wild fish populations. From a fisheries management perspective unambiguous identification tools for captive bred fish will be highly valuable to manage risks. Additionally there is great potential to use these tools in wildlife forensics (i.e. tracing back escapees to their origin and determining mislabelling of seafood products). Using SNP data from captive bred and wild populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and sole (Solea solea L.), we explored the efficiency of population and parentage assignment techniques for the identification and tracing of captive bred fish. Simulated and empirical data were used to correct for stochastic genetic effects. Overall, parentage assignment performed well when a large effective population size characterizes the broodstock and escapees originate from early generations of captive breeding. Consequently, parentage assignments are particularly useful from a fisheries management perspective to monitor the effects of deliberate releases of captive bred fish on wild populations. Population assignment proved to be more efficient after several generations of captive breeding, which makes it a useful method in forensic applications for well-established aquaculture species. We suggest the implementation of a case by case strategy when choosing the best method

Transformer-based Vulnerability Detection in Code at EditTime: Zero-shot, Few-shot, or Fine-tuning?

Software vulnerabilities bear enterprises significant costs. Despite extensive efforts in research and development of software vulnerability detection methods, uncaught vulnerabilities continue to put software owners and users at risk. Many current vulnerability detection methods require that code snippets can compile and build before attempting detection. This, unfortunately, introduces a long latency between the time a vulnerability is injected to the time it is removed, which can substantially increases the cost of fixing a vulnerability. We recognize that the current advances in machine learning can be used to detect vulnerable code patterns on syntactically incomplete code snippets as the developer is writing the code at EditTime. In this paper we present a practical system that leverages deep learning on a large-scale data set of vulnerable code patterns to learn complex manifestations of more than 250 vulnerability types and detect vulnerable code patterns at EditTime. We discuss zero-shot, few-shot, and fine-tuning approaches on state of the art pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs). We show that in comparison with state of the art vulnerability detection models our approach improves the state of the art by 10%. We also evaluate our approach to detect vulnerability in auto-generated code by code LLMs. Evaluation on a benchmark of high-risk code scenarios shows a reduction of up to 90% vulnerability reduction

Genetic homogeneity in the deep-sea grenadier Macrourus berglax across the North Atlantic Ocean

Paucity of data on population structure and connectivity in deep sea species remains a major obstacle to their sustainable management and conservation in the face of ever increasing fisheries pressure and other forms of impacts on deep sea ecosystems. The roughhead grenadier Macrourus berglax presents all the classical characteristics of a deep sea species, such as slow growth and low fecundity, which make them particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic impact, due to their low resilience to change. In this study, the population structure of the roughhead grenadier is investigated throughout its geographic distribution using two sets of molecular markers: a partial sequence of the Control Region of mitochondrial DNA and species-specific microsatellites. No evidence of significant structure was found throughout the North Atlantic, with both sets of molecular markers yielding the same results of overall homogeneity. We posit two non-mutually exclusive scenarios that can explain such outcome: i) substantial high gene flow among locations, possibly maintained by larval stages, ii) very large effective size of post-glacially expanded populations. The results can inform management strategies in this by-caught species, and contribute to the broader issue of biological connectivity in the deep ocean