How the Arts Impact Communities: An Introduction to the Literature on Arts Impact Studies

Addresses issues surrounding how the arts impact communities. Provides an introduction to the literature on arts impact studies

Fairness as Appropriateness: Negotiating Epistemological Differences in Peer Review

Epistemological differences fuel continuous and frequently divisive debates in the social sciences and the humanities. Sociologists have yet to consider how such differences affect peer evaluation. The empirical literature has studied distributive fairness, but neglected how epistemological differences affect perception of fairness in decision making. The normative literature suggests that evaluators should overcome their epistemological differences by "translating" their preferred standards into general criteria of evaluation. However, little is known about how procedural fairness actually operates. Drawing on eighty-one interviews with panelists serving on five multidisciplinary fellowship competitions in the social sciences and the humanities, we show that (1) Evaluators generally draw on four epistemological styles to make arguments in favor of and against proposals. These are the constructivist, comprehensive, positivist, and utilitarian styles; and (2) Peer reviewers define a fair decision-making process as one in which panelists engage in "cognitive contextualization," that is, use epistemological styles most appropriate to the field or discipline of the proposal under review.Sociolog

Beyond blind faith: overcoming the obstacles to interdisciplinary evaluation

This paper examines how panelists serving on interdisciplinary funding panels produce evaluations they perceive as fair, drawing on 81 interviews with panelists serving on multidisciplinary fellowship competitions. We identify how peer reviewers define “good” interdisciplinary proposals and the rules they follow: respect for disciplinary sovereignty, deference to expertise and methodological pluralism. These rules ensure the preponderance of the voices of experts over non-experts. Panelists also adopt strategies to make other reviewers who lack expertise trust that their judgments are disinterested and unbiased, while reviewers who lack expertise are not afraid to make decisions based on idiosyncratic tastes rather than substantive quality.Sociolog

The Need for Economic Cooperation among Developing Countries

SUMMARY The resolution on ECDC at UNCTAD V was one of the more positive achievements of the Conference. The various proposals which have been made for promoting ECDC are described, in particular the improvement of trading arrangements, and monetary and financial cooperation among ldcs. A number of UNCTAD sectoral studies have examined the current level of dependence of ldcs on dcs, defined as the extent of control of dc interests over production and trade. The results of studies of six products (bananas, tobacco, cotton, electrical goods, shipping and insurance) are described. They show that levels of dependence in this composite sense are very high, as well as demonstrating the need for CSR. This suggests that the constraints in the form of dc vested interests that will have to be faced by ldcs are severe. There is a strong case for setting up an ‘organisation for Southern economic cooperation and development’ as the institutional means to help overcome this kind of trade dependence. RÉSUMÉ La nécessité de la coopération économique entre les pays en développement La résolution de la cinquième CNUCED sur la coopération économique entre les pays en développement fut l'une des réalisations les plus utiles de la Conférence. Les diverses propositions avancées pour favoriser cette coopération y sont décrites, notamment celles concernant l'amélioraiton des arrangements commerciaux et la coopération financière et monétaire entre les PVD. Plusieurs études sectorielles de la CNUCED ont calculé le niveau actuel de dépendance des PVD à l'égard des pays développés, en fonction du degré de contrôle par les instances des pays développés de la production et du commerce des PVD.. L'article décrit ensuite les résultats des études de six secteurs (bananes, tabac, coton, produits électriques, transport maritime et assurances). Ils indiquent que le degré de dépendance en ce sens est très élevé et donnent à penser que les contraintes que représentent les intérêts des pays développés pour les PVD et auxquelles ils devront faire face sont très lourdes, Il faudrait établir une ‘organisation pour la coopération et le développement économiques du Sud’ pour surmonter ce type de dépendance commerciale. RESUMEN La necesidad de la cooperación económica entre los países en vías de desarrollo La resolución sobre cooperación económica entre los países en vías de desarrollo adoptada en la UNCTAD V fue uno de los éxitos más positivos de la conferencia. Se describen las diversas propuestas que se hicieron para fomentar dicha cooperación económica, especialmente el mejoramiento de las disposiciones comerciales, y la cooperación financiera y monetaria entre los países menos desarrollados. En varios estudios de sector de la UNCTAD se ha examinado el actual nivel de dependencia de los países menos desarrollados en los desarrollados, determinado como da amplitud del control de los intereses de los países desarrollados sobre la producción y el comercio. Se describen los resultados de los estudios sobre seis productos (plátanos, tabaco, algodón, productos eléctricos, navegación y seguros). Confirman que los niveles de dependencia en su sentido complejo son muy elevados, demostrándose al mismo tiempo la necesidad de una autodependencia colectiva. Esto sugiere que son muy graves las presiones que se presentan en forma de los intereses creados de los países desarrollados con los que tendrán que enfrentarse los menos desarrollados. Parece haber más que suficiente justificación para establecer una ‘organización para la cooperación y desarrollo económicos meridionales’, como los medios institucionales para contribuir a superar este tipo de dependencia comercial

Stepwise disarmament and sudden destruction in a two-person game: a research tool

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66968/2/10.1177_002200276400800104.pd

Simulation Exercises for the Teaching of Planning: The Example of Ruritania

SUMMARY This article outlines experience with the use of a simulation exercise in teaching development planning. Two years of using the exercise has shown that simulation is an invaluable aid, especially in the teaching of planning, and has revealed what is essentially wrong with most planning textbooks. RESUME Exercices de simulation pour I'enseignement de la planification: exemple de la Ruritanie Cet article est au sujet de l'expérience qui a été faite de l'utilisation d'un exercise de simulation pour l'enseignement de la planification du développement. Après deux années, cet exercice a montré que la simulation est une aide extrêmement précieuse, surtout dans l'enseignement de la planification, et il a servi à mettre en évidence ce qui ne va pas dans la plupart des manuels de planification. RESUMEN Ejercicios simulados para la ensenanza de la planificación: El ejemplo de Ruritania Este artículo esboza la experiencia obtenida por el uso de un ejercicio simulado para la enseñanza de la planificación de desarrollo. Después de usar el ejercicio durante dos años se ha demostrado que la simulación resulta una ayuda valiosa, especialmente con la enseñanza de la planificación, y ha demostrado en dónde se equivocan la mayor parte de los libros de texto sobre el tema

The Impact of Critical Thinking Disposition on Learning Using Business Simulations

This research seeks to determine the relationship between students’ critical thinking disposition and their learning while engaging in a business simulation at a UK higher education institution (HEI). The research informs educators making decisions about the use of simulations as to the value of considering critical thinking dispositions. Previous research has found that simulations are an effective way for students to engage actively in learning, bridging the gap between theory and practice. It has also been found that such simulations can develop students’ critical thinking skills. However, hitherto no research has been undertaken into the role that existing critical thinking disposition has on the learning of students, as measured by the degree to which students perceived that they met the module’s intended learning outcomes. This research offers insights into the role and importance of critical thinking disposition and its component dimensions and how this impacts student learning. The results indicate that the level of critical thinking disposition is positively related to the students’ learning. The implications of the research suggest educators should target business simulations at specific cohorts of students. The relative importance of the critical thinking disposition constructs and the practical educational implications of these findings are discussed