Contractor relationships and inter-organizational strategies in NASA's R and D acquisition process

Interorganizational analysis of NASA's acquisition process for research and development systems is discussed. The importance of understanding the contractor environment, constraints, and motives in selecting an acquisition strategy is demonstrated. By articulating clear project goals, by utilizing information about the contractor and his needs at each stage in the acquisition process, and by thorough analysis of the inter-organizational relationship, improved selection of acquisition strategies and business practices is possible

Workforce Development for Lower Income Working Women in the Chicago Region: The Research Background

The research describes: 1) Changing demography of target populations 2) Array and character of post-high school resources for workforce development 3) Local and national policy, practice, funding and advocacy issues 4) Recommendations for future priorities

PySimFrac: A Python Library for Synthetic Fracture Generation, Analysis, and Simulation

In this paper, we introduce Pysimfrac, a open-source python library for generating 3-D synthetic fracture realizations, integrating with fluid simulators, and performing analysis. Pysimfrac allows the user to specify one of three fracture generation techniques (Box, Gaussian, or Spectral) and perform statistical analysis including the autocorrelation, moments, and probability density functions of the fracture surfaces and aperture. This analysis and accessibility of a python library allows the user to create realistic fracture realizations and vary properties of interest. In addition, Pysimfrac includes integration examples to two different pore-scale simulators and the discrete fracture network simulator, dfnWorks. The capabilities developed in this work provides opportunity for quick and smooth adoption and implementation by the wider scientific community for accurate characterization of fluid transport in geologic media. We present Pysimfrac along with integration examples and discuss the ability to extend Pysimfrac from a single complex fracture to complex fracture networks

Deficiency of maize starch-branching enzyme i results in altered starch fine structure, decreased digestibility and reduced coleoptile growth during germination

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Two distinct starch branching enzyme (SBE) isoforms predate the divergence of monocots and dicots and have been conserved in plants since then. This strongly suggests that both SBEI and SBEII provide unique selective advantages to plants. However, no phenotype for the SBEI mutation, <it>sbe1a</it>, had been previously observed. To explore this incongruity the objective of the present work was to characterize functional and molecular phenotypes of both <it>sbe1a </it>and wild-type (Wt) in the W64A maize inbred line.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Endosperm starch granules from the <it>sbe1a </it>mutant were more resistant to digestion by pancreatic α-amylase, and the <it>sbe1a </it>mutant starch had an altered branching pattern for amylopectin and amylose. When kernels were germinated, the <it>sbe1a </it>mutant was associated with shorter coleoptile length and higher residual starch content, suggesting that less efficient starch utilization may have impaired growth during germination.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The present report documents for the first time a molecular phenotype due to the absence of SBEI, and suggests strongly that it is associated with altered physiological function of the starch <it>in vivo</it>. We believe that these results provide a plausible rationale for the conservation of SBEI in plants in both monocots and dicots, as greater seedling vigor would provide an important survival advantage when resources are limited.</p

Functional analysis of the theobroma cacao NPR1 gene in arabidopsis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The <it>Arabidopsis thaliana NPR1 </it>gene encodes a transcription coactivator (NPR1) that plays a major role in the mechanisms regulating plant defense response. After pathogen infection and in response to salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, NPR1 translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus where it interacts with other transcription factors resulting in increased expression of over 2000 plant defense genes contributing to a pathogen resistance response.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A putative <it>Theobroma cacao NPR1 </it>cDNA was isolated by RT-PCR using degenerate primers based on homologous sequences from <it>Brassica</it>, <it>Arabidopsis </it>and <it>Carica papaya</it>. The cDNA was used to isolate a genomic clone from <it>Theobroma cacao </it>containing a putative <it>TcNPR1 </it>gene. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of a 4.5 kb coding region containing three introns and encoding a polypeptide of 591 amino acids. The predicted TcNPR1 protein shares 55% identity and 78% similarity to <it>Arabidopsis </it>NPR1, and contains each of the highly conserved functional domains indicative of this class of transcription factors (BTB/POZ and ankyrin repeat protein-protein interaction domains and a nuclear localization sequence (NLS)). To functionally define the <it>TcNPR1 </it>gene, we transferred <it>TcNPR1 </it>into an <it>Arabidopsis npr1 </it>mutant that is highly susceptible to infection by the plant pathogen <it>Pseudomonas syringae </it>pv. tomato DC3000. Driven by the constitutive CaMV35S promoter, the cacao <it>TcNPR1 </it>gene partially complemented the <it>npr1 </it>mutation in transgenic <it>Arabidopsis </it>plants, resulting in 100 fold less bacterial growth in a leaf infection assay. Upon induction with SA, <it>TcNPR1 </it>was shown to translocate into the nucleus of leaf and root cells in a manner identical to <it>Arabidopsis </it>NPR1. Cacao NPR1 was also capable of participating in SA-JA signaling crosstalk, as evidenced by the suppression of JA responsive gene expression in <it>TcNPR1 </it>overexpressing transgenic plants.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our data indicate that the <it>TcNPR1 </it>is a functional ortholog of <it>Arabidopsis NPR1</it>, and is likely to play a major role in defense response in cacao. This fundamental knowledge can contribute to breeding of disease resistant cacao varieties through the application of molecular markers or the use of transgenic strategies.</p

Supplying new cocoa planting material to farmers: a review of propagation methodologies

The review, coordinated by Bioversity International, presents an impartial, evidence-based review of cacao propagation methods, to serve as a basis for the assessment and implementation of strategies for providing farmers with quality planting materials, adapted to current and future needs (cultural, institutional, technical, environmental and financial). It describes the various propagation methods available for the production and supply of large numbers of cacao plants to growers. It is hoped that the result of the efforts of the key authors provides a basis to build on for case-specific recommendations. As the supply of new improved planting material to farmers is at the heart of improving cocoa productivity and modernizing the crop, we hope that the information in the review will make its way into national cocoa plans, and help to make cocoa farming more attractive and more sustainable

Erratum to: Theobroma cacao L. pathogenesis-related gene tandem array members show diverse expression dynamics in response to pathogen colonization

The original version of the manuscript [1] contained an incorrectly named Criollo gene ID on chromosome 1 in the first sentence, under the subheading “Organization of PR gene families into tandem arrays”. The second gene on chromosome 1, Tc##_g######, should therefore be Tc01_g000020.The original version of the manuscript [1] contained an incorrectly named Criollo gene ID on chromosome 1 in the first sentence, under the subheading “Organization of PR gene families into tandem arrays”. The second gene on chromosome 1, Tc##_g######, should therefore be Tc01_g000020

Simplification of culture conditions and feeder-free expansion of bovine embryonic stem cells

Bovine embryonic stem cells (bESCs) extend the lifespan of the transient pluripotent bovine inner cell mass in vitro. After years of research, derivation of stable bESCs was only recently reported. Although successful, bESC culture relies on complex culture conditions that require a custom-made base medium and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) feeders, limiting the widespread use of bESCs. We report here simplified bESC culture conditions based on replacing custom base medium with a commercially available alternative and eliminating the need for MEF feeders by using a chemically-defined substrate. bESC lines were cultured and derived using a base medium consisting of N2B27 supplements and 1% BSA (NBFR-bESCs). Newly derived bESC lines were easy to establish, simple to propagate and stable after long-term culture. These cells expressed pluripotency markers and actively proliferated for more than 35 passages while maintaining normal karyotype and the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ lineages in embryoid bodies and teratomas. In addition, NBFR-bESCs grew for multiple passages in a feeder-free culture system based on vitronectin and Activin A medium supplementation while maintaining pluripotency. Simplified conditions will facilitate the use of bESCs for gene editing applications and pluripotency and lineage commitment studies.Fil: Soto, Delia Alba. University of California at Davis; Estados UnidosFil: Navarro, Micaela. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; Argentina. University of California at Davis; Estados UnidosFil: Zheng, Canbin. University of Texas. Southwestern Medical Center; Estados UnidosFil: Halstead, Michelle Margaret. University of California at Davis; Estados UnidosFil: Zhou, Chuan. University of California at Davis; Estados UnidosFil: Guiltinan, Carly. University of California at Davis; Estados UnidosFil: Wu, Jun. University of Texas. Southwestern Medical Center; Estados UnidosFil: Ross, Pablo Juan. University of California at Davis; Estados Unido

Population Structure and Molecular Characterization of Nigerian Field Genebank Collections of Cacao, Theobroma cacao L.

AbstractInadequate knowledge of the population structure and diversity present often hamper the efficient use of germplasm collections. Using a high through-put system, twelve microsatellite loci were used to analyze genetic diversity and population structure in a national field genebank repository of 243 cacao accessions grouped into 11 populations based on their known sources. Based on multi-locus profiles, the Bayesian method was used for individual assignment to verify membership in each population, determine mislabeling and ancestry of some important accessions used in breeding program. A total of 218 alleles was revealed with a mean number of 18.2 alleles per locus. Gene diversity (He= 0.70) and allelic richness (4.34 alleles per locus) were highest in the F1 hybrid population. Differential mating system was suggested as responsible for the observed deficit and excess of heterozygotes observed among the populations. Analysis of molecular variance showed that within-population variance accounted for 63.0% of the total variance while the rest 37% was accounted for by the among-population variance. Cluster dendrogram based on UPGMA revealed two main subsets. The first group was made up of the Amelonado/Trinitario ancestry and the other of Nanay/Parinari ancestry. We found that Nanay and Parinari populations were the major source of Upper Amazon genes utilized while a large proportion of genetic diversity in the field genebank remained under-utilized in development of improved cultivars released to farmers in Nigeria. This study showed that the presence of alleles of the Upper Amazon Forasteros (Nanay, Parinari and Iquitos Mixed Calabacillo) genetic materials in the locally available accessions predated the formal large scale introduction of Upper Amazon materials in 1944. This is the first report of population structure of field genebank collections of cacao in Nigeria since more than seven decades of formal cacao breeding research