Tradiciones alfareras del valle de Cajamarca y cuenca alta del Jequetepeque, Perú

Este artículo presenta las tradiciones alfareras de dos regiones del departamento de Cajamarca: el valle de Cajamarca y la región de San Pablo en la cuenca alta del Jequetepeque. Este estudio etnoarqueológico enfoca las materias primas utilizadas, las fuentes y el proceso de producción, y ofrece un cuadro interpretativo para los datos cerámicos del sitio Formativo de Kuntur Wasi. Los resultados permiten evaluar las posibilidades y áreas de producción alrededor de Kuntur Wasi, proponiendo una posible zona de adquisición y producción hasta unos 15 kilómetros al nor/noreste del sitio y posiblemente en el área de Sangal, cerca de Kuntur Wasi.Cet article présente des données ethnoarchéologiques sur la production céramique traditionnelle dans deux régions du département de Cajamarca, dans les Andes nord péruviennes: la vallée de Cajamarca et la région de San Pablo, dans le haut bassin du Jequetepeque. Cette étude se concentre sur l’aspect technologique du processus de production, sur les matières premières et les sources d’approvisionnement. Elle offre un cadre d’interprétation des données céramiques pour le site Formatif de Kuntur Wasi. Les résultats permettent d’évaluer les possibilités et aires de production autour du site, avec une possible zone d’acquisition et de production jusqu’à 15 kilomètres au nord/nord-est de Kuntur Wasi, ainsi que dans la région de Sangal, proche du site.This article presents the traditional ceramic production of two regions in the department of Cajamarca: the valley of Cajamarca and the region of San Pablo in the high river basin of the Jequetepeque. This ethnoarchaeological study focuses on raw materials, catchment areas and production processes, and offers an interpretative framework for the ceramic data of the Formative site of Kuntur Wasi. The results help us evaluate the possibilities of pottery production around the archaeological site, and allow us to propose a possible production area 15 kilometers to the north/north-east of Kuntur Wasi, and possibly also close to Sangal near Kuntur Wasi

Tradiciones alfareras, identidad social y el concepto de etnias tardías en Conchucos, Ancash, Perú

Este artículo trata de identificar los grupos humanos vinculados históricamente con las tradiciones cerámicas observadas en Conchucos. La discusión enfoca al grupo Huari, la noción de grupo étnico, las parcialidades y lo que estas divisiones sociopolíticas representan mediante el análisis de las prácticas cerámicas. El examen de las tecnologías cerámicas, de la división del trabajo por categorías sexuales y del reparto geográfico de estas tradiciones revelan una nueva imagen de la composición de los grupos sociopolíticos en el Intermedio Tardío en Conchucos sur y central.Cet article tente d’identifier les groupes humains qui, historiquement, sont reliés aux traditions céramiques observées dans le Conchucos. La discussion porte sur le groupe Huari, la notion de groupe ethnique, de parcialités et sur ce que ces divisions socio-politiques représentent en fonction de l’analyse des pratiques céramiques. L’examen des technologies céramiques, de la division sexuelle du travail et de la distribution géographique de ces traditions donne une image nouvelle de la composition des groupes socio-politiques à l’Intermédiaire Récent au Conchucos sud et central.This article explores the issues of social identity, Late Intermediate Period ethnic groups and sociopolitical divisions in relation to the ceramic traditions observed in southern and central Conchucos. Based on differences in ceramic technology, gendered production and distribution of the ceramic traditions, two sociocultural groups are identified and associated with different factions of the Huari group

Исследование по оценке знаний медицинских работников в осуществлении мер контроля и реагирования на грипп

Agenția Națională pentru Sănătate Publică, Congresul al VIII-lea al specialiștilor din domeniul sănătății publice și managementului sanitar 24-25 octombrie 2019 Chișinău, Republica MoldovaÎn Republica Moldova, gripa și infecțiile respiratorii virale acute sunt înregistrate în fiecare an, numărul cazurilor variind de la un an la altul, dar în general reprezentând 2/3 din numărul total de boli infecțioase înregistrate anual. Din aceste motive, cunoștințele lucrătorilor medicali în acest domeniu sunt foarte importante. Acest studiu a avut drept scop evidențierea îmbunătățirii cunoștințelor personalului medical în domeniul supravegherii epidemiologice, proi - laxiei și promovării vaccinării împotriva gripei sezoniere. Ținta eșantionării a constituit-o personalul medical (456 de persoane, primordial medici de familie și epidemiologi) care a participat la atelierele de lucru ”Supravegherea epidemiologică, proi laxia și promovarea vaccinării împotriva gripei sezoniere” din perioada februarie – aprilie 2019 și activează în instituțiile medico-sanitare publice din 10 teritorii administrative. Analiza chestionarelor pre- și post-ateliere de lucru a evidențiat îmbunătățirea cunoștințelor lucrătorilor medicali privind diverse aspecte epidemiologice și clinice ale gripei. In the Republic of Moldova, inl uenza and acute viral respiratory infections are recorded each year, the number of cases varying from one year to the next but generally representing 2/3 of the total number of infectious diseases recorded during the year. For these reasons, the knowledge of medical workers in this i eld is very important. h is study aimed at highlighting the improvement of medical staf knowledge in the i eld of epidemiological surveillance, prophylaxis and promotion of vaccination against seasonal inl uenza. h e target of the sampling was the medical staf (456 persons, primordial family doctors and epidemiologists) who participated in the workshops “Epidemiological Surveillance, Prophylaxis and Promotion of Seasonal Inl uenza Vaccination” from February to April 2019 and are active in the medical-public sanitary facilities in 10 administrative territories. Analysis of pre-and post-workshop questionnaires highlighted the improvement of the knowledge of medical workers on various epidemiological and clinical aspects of inluenza. В Республике Молдова грипп и острые вирусные респираторные инфекции регистрируются каждый год, причем число случаев варьирует от года к году, но обычно составляет 2/3 от общего числа инфекционных заболеваний, зарегистрированных в течение года. По этим причинам знания медицинских работников в этой области очень важны. Это исследование было направлено на то, чтобы подчеркнуть улучшение знаний медицинского персонала в области эпидемиологического надзора, профилактики и пропаганды вакцинации против сезонного гриппа. Целью выборки были медицинские работники (456 человек, первичные семейные врачи и эпидемиологи), которые участвовали в семинарах «Эпидемиологический надзор, профилактика и пропаганда сезонной вакцинации против гриппа» с февраля по апрель 2019 года и работают в государственных санитарных объектах в 10-ти административных территориях. Анализ анкет до и после семинара выявил улучшение знаний медицинских работников о различных эпидемиологических и клинических аспектах гриппа

The seven-gluon amplitude in multi-Regge kinematics beyond leading logarithmic accuracy

We present an all-loop dispersion integral, well-defined to arbitrary logarithmic accuracy, describing the multi-Regge limit of the 2->5 amplitude in planar N=4 super Yang-Mills theory. It follows from factorization, dual conformal symmetry and consistency with soft limits, and specifically holds in the region where the energies of all produced particles have been analytically continued. After promoting the known symbol of the 2-loop N-particle MHV amplitude in this region to a function, we specialize to N=7, and extract from it the next-to-leading order (NLO) correction to the BFKL central emission vertex, namely the building block of the dispersion integral that had not yet appeared in the well-studied six-gluon case. As an application of our results, we explicitly compute the seven-gluon amplitude at next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy through 5 loops for the MHV case, and through 3 and 4 loops for the two independent NMHV helicity configurations, respectively.Comment: 56 pages, 4 figures, 1 table; v2: minor corrections and clarifications, matches published versio

La cerámica tardía de Marcajirca, Conchucos, Áncash: lo que nos enseñan los estudios petrográficos

El análisis petrográfico de cerámicas de Marcajirca, sitio de altura del Intermedio Tardío (1000-1474 d. C.) en Conchucos, Áncash, muestra una variabilidad de composición mineral que sugiere múltiples productores, el uso de varias fuentes y al menos dos procedencias distintas. Las pastas tienen un temperante de pizarra molida que se asemeja al material utilizado en la producción local tradicional. Una muestra presenta una pasta de origen distinto, regional o exógeno. Se postula una continuidad tecnológica de uso de las materias primas. Los datos etnográficos, arqueológicos y la situación geográfica de Marcajirca permiten proponer un escenario de adquisición de las vasijas posiblemente producidas en la zona de Yacya/Acopalca cerca de Huari, que hubiera podido abastecer a la región hasta el valle del Puccha.L’analyse pétrographique de céramiques de Marcajirca, un site de l’Intermédiaire récent (1000-1474 ap. J.-C.) au Conchucos, département d’Ancash, dans les Andes nord-centrales du Pérou, nous a permis d’identifier différents groupes de production et aires d’approvisionnement. La plupart des céramiques présentent un dégraissant d’ardoise pilée et sont d’origine locale, sauf une céramique probablement d’origine exogène à la vallée. La comparaison avec du matériel de référence de production locale traditionnelle suggère une continuité technologique dans le choix du dégraissant. Les données archéologiques et ethnographiques permettent de proposer un scénario d’acquisition des pots plutôt qu’une production sur place. La région de Yacya/Acopalca, proche de Huari à 8 km du site de Marcajirca a probablement fourni en poterie la région, jusqu’à la rivière Puccha.The petrographic analysis of ceramic materials from Marcajirca, a Late Intermediate Period site (1000-1474 A.D.) in Conchucos, highland Ancash, north-central Peru, allowed us to identify different production groups and resource areas. Most of the ceramics are tempered with crushed slate and are of local origin, except one that is probably exogenous to the valley. Comparison with reference material from traditional local production centers suggests a technological continuity in the choice of temper. Archaeological and ethnographic data allow us to propose an acquisition scenario for the pots rather than on-site production. The area of Yacya/Acopalca, near the town of Huari and located only 8 km away from Marcajirca was probably supplying the region up to the Puccha River with pottery

¿Shashal o no shashal? Esa es la cuestiónEtnoarqueología cerámica en la zona de Huari, Ancash

La producción cerámica en la zona de Huari, Ancash, se particulariza por el uso de shashal, un temperante de piedra pizarra molida, agregado a una tierra arcillosa amarilla. Dos de los tres pueblos productores intercambian materias primas. Más al norte, en la región de San Luis- Chacas, otros pueblos utilizan el shashal. ¿Cuáles son las diferencias de composición de este material? ¿Cómo identificar los centros de producción cuando las estrategias de adquisición son similares? ¿Qué es realmente el shashal? Se ve que el contenido en carbón del shashal varía según la mina y la región. El porcentaje de carbón determina si se trata de lutita negra, antracita o grafito. También se necesita extender el estudio de la zona de producción para incluir a los pueblos aprovisionándose de las mismas canteras. El estudio etnoarqueológico y los análisis de pastas presentados en este artículo ofrecen un modelo para la interpretación de los datos arqueológicos y los estudios de procedencia.La production céramique dans la région de Huari, Ancash, se singularise par l’usage d’un dégraissant de pierre broyée, appelé shashal. Deux des trois villages producteurs autour de Huari échangent leurs matières premières. Plus au nord, dans la région de San Luis-Chacas, d’autres villages utilisent aussi le shashal. Quelles sont les différences de composition de ce matériel ? Comment identifier des centres de production quand les stratégies d’approvisionnement sont identiques ? Qu’est ce que le shashal ? Les analyses montrent que le contenu en carbone du shashal varie selon la mine et la région et que le pourcentage de carbone détermine s’il s’agit de shale, d’anthracite ou de graphite. Enfin, il faut étendre l'étude de la zone de production pour inclure les villages qui utilisent les mêmes ressources. Cette étude ethnoarchéologique offre de nouveaux scénarios pour l’interprétation des données archéologiques et des études de provenance.Ceramic production in the Huari region, Ancash, is characterized by the use of ground slate, a temper called shashal, mixed to a yellow clay. Two of the three villages producing around Huari exchange their materials. Further north, in the San Luis-Chacas region, other villages use also shashal. What are the compositional differences of this material? How can we distinguish one producing village from the other? What is shashal? The content of carbon varies from one mine and one region to the other, and determines if it is shale, anthracite or graphite. Also, the production zone must be extended to include the villages exploiting the same resources. This ethnoarchaeological study offers a model for interpreting archaeological data and provenance studies

Reseña del libro “Ceramics and Society. A technological approach to archaeological assemblages” de Valentine Roux

Reseña de libro: Ceramics and Society. A Technological Approach to Archaeological Assemblages (Springer, Switzerland, año 2019), de la autora Valentine Roux en colaboración con Marie-Agnès Courty

Looking for the right outcrop: Ceramic petrography in the Peruvian Andes

Looking for the Right Outcrop Ceramic Petrography in the Peruvian Andes Isabelle C. Druc, Kinya Inokuchi, Victor Carlotto, and Pedro Navarro. In 2010 a series of compositional analysis was initiated to study the production and provenance of the ceramics found at the archaeological site of Kuntur Wasi, in the department of Cajamarca, Peru. Kuntur Wasi is a ceremonial site of the Formative Period occupied during most of the first millennium BC. The site is located at 2,300 m above sea level, 35 km west of the city of Cajamarca in the north-­ central Peruvian highlands (fig. 10.1). Excavations were carried out from 1988 to 2002 by the Kuntur Wasi archaeological project and a Japanese-­ led team. The site acquired much fame when eight intact tombs were excavated, bearing many gold objects, crowns, pendants, beads, and beautiful ceramics (Onuki et al. 1995; Onuki and Inokuchi 2011). In addition to the burials, the four occupation levels (spanning some 900 years) yielded a very large quantity of ceramic fragments. The major architectural and stylistic changes at the beginning of the second archaeological phase point to a strong foreign influence or a nonlocal origin of some of the people responsible for many of the changes observed (Onuki et al. 1995; Inokuchi 2010). Stylistic analysis also suggests the presence of local styles as well as foreign styles related to the coast and to the northern highlands. Paste analysis involved petrography, X-­ ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of archaeological and comparative samples, in conjunction with the ethnoarchaeological study of the modern local ceramic tradition. The first step was to investigate the availability of potting materials around the archaeological site, the local geology, and the type of clay, temper, and practices of traditional potters in the region (Druc 2011; Druc et al. 2013). The analysis of the archaeological ceramics showed the existence of several paste groups, one of which was characterized by the presence of intrusive materials. The absence of intrusive bodies at the local level prompted the search for the provenance of the intrusive temper seen in the Kuntur Wasi ceramics. This search for the right outcrop is also an inquiry into understanding whether the wares manufactured with intrusive temper were produced on site with foreign material or brought to the site. This query was dictated by questions of interregional sociocultural or economic relationships in view of the architectural and stylistic changes observed at Kuntur Wasi. We first briefly present the archaeological and ethnographic background of the research and then describe the local and regional geology. Later we turn to the compositional analysis of the archaeological and comparative samples related to this aspect of the study. The analysis results are discussed in light of the recent studies of the archaeological ceramics. We conclude with a tentative interpretation of ceramic production at or for the ceremonial site of Kuntur Wasi. Looking for the Right Outcrop 145 Research Background The Archaeological Data The ceremonial center of Kuntur Wasi (fig. 10.2) was occupied during the first millennium BC (Inokuchi 2010). The study of the construction phases, tombs, ceramics, and other cultural materials suggested a local initial occupation period (Idolo phase, 950–800 BC), followed by an important transformation in the ceremonial center and a population input of possible coastal provenance (Kuntur Wasi phase, 800–550 BC). New constructions and expansion of the site mark the third major occupation phase (Copa phase, 550–250 BC), while the last phase is characterized by drastic construction changes and quasi abandonment of the site as a major ceremonial center (Sotera phase, 250–50 BC). Apart from these four phases is the “Sangal complex” within the Kuntur Wasi phase, identified on the basis of a set of ceramics displaying similar stylistic characteristics (Inokuchi 2010; Onuki et al. 1995). In terms of ceramic production, so far no evidence was found suggesting on-­ site production . But excavations have targeted the cere­mon­ ial area, where ceramic production was probably not taking place. Sixty-­one different ceramic stylistic types have been identified (Ino­kuchi 2010). Several stylistic ceramic types display local characteristics, with a paste matching resources available within a 7–9 km range, as petrographic analysis showed. Albeit fitting chronologically within the stylistic and cultural Chavín Horizon, Kuntur Wasi does not appear to have received direct impact from the ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar in the north-­ central Andes (Inokuchi 1998). Rather, stylistic analysis suggests influences..

Compositional data supports decentralized model of production and circulation of artifacts in the pre-Columbian south-central Andes

ArticleThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from National Academy of Sciences via the DOI in this record.The circulation and exchange of goods and resources at various scales have long been considered central to the understanding of complex societies, and the Andes have provided a fertile ground for investigating this process. However, long-standing archaeological emphasis on typological analysis, although helpful to hypothesize the direction of contacts, has left important aspects of ancient exchange open to speculation. To improve understanding of ancient exchange practices and their potential role in structuring alliances, we examine material exchanges in northwest Argentina (part of the south-central Andes) during 400 BC to AD 1000 (part of the regional Formative Period), with a multianalytical approach (petrography, instrumental neutron activation analysis, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) to artifacts previously studied separately. We assess the standard centralized model of interaction vs. a decentralized model through the largest provenance database available to date in the region. The results show: (i) intervalley heterogeneity of clays and fabrics for ordinary wares; (ii) intervalley homogeneity of clays and fabrics for a wide range of decorated wares (e.g., painted Ciénaga); (iii) selective circulation of two distinct polychrome wares (Vaquerías and Condorhuasi); (iv) generalized access to obsidian from one major source and various minor sources; and (v) selective circulation of volcanic rock tools from a single source. These trends reflect the multiple and conflicting demands experienced by people in small-scale societies, which may be difficult to capitalize by aspiring elites. The study undermines centralized narratives of exchange for this period, offering a new platform for understanding ancient exchange based on actual material transfers, both in the Andes and beyond.We thank the former directors of Museo Etnográfico (University of Buenos Aires), M. N. Tarragó (2005–2015) and the late J. A. Pérez Gollán (1987–2005), who provided access to key samples and enthusiastic support for this project since its earliest stages. We also thank M. Berón (current Director of Museo Etnográfico, University of Buenos Aires), R. Cattáneo (Director of Museo de Antropología, University of Córdoba, 2011–2013), J. P. Carbonelli, M. E. De Feo, V. Puente, G. Míguez, and R. Spano for providing access to additional samples; A. Brechbuhler and E. Gillispie for assisting with lithic sample preparation and measurements; and C. Roush for preparing the samples for irradiation and for general laboratory management responsibilities. This research was primarily funded by Arts and Humanities Research Council Early Career Grant SX–5317 (2011–2013) and preliminary research was funded by British Academy Small Grant 51798 (2009) (both to M.L.). Fieldwork and petrography analyses have been supported by successive grants from Argentinean National Agency for Science and Technology (ANCyT) Raíces Program PICT 2007-00116 (to M.C.S.) and ANCyT PICT 2010-1048 (to M.A.K.). Funding was also provided by the National Council for Science and Technical Research PIP 112-2008 01-00256 (to M.C.S.) and PIP 11/042 (to M.A.K.). The Archaeometry Laboratory at the University of Missouri Research Reactor is supported in part by the National Science Foundation (BCS-1415403 and BCS-0922374)