Conference Truth and memory: New ethical challenges in global organizations

Este artículo contiene la transcripción de la conferencia magistral de Jean-Philippe Bouilloud en el Coloquio Repensando la Relación Europa-América Latina en un Mundo en Disrupción, organizado por el Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche Amérique Latine Europe (CERALE) y la Universidad de los Andes (UNIANDES) en 2018. El coloquio tuvo como ejes la innovación, el emprendimiento y el desarrollo sostenible, y se realizó en la sede UNIANDES de Cartagena de Indias (Colombia) entre el 30 de mayo y el 1 de junio de 2018.This article contains the transcript of the master conference by Jean-Philippe Bouilloud at the Colloquium Rethinking the Europe-Latin America relationship in a world in disruption, organized by the Center d’Etudes et de Recherche Amérique Latine Europe (CERALE) and the University of Los Andes (UNIANDES) in 2018. The colloquium focused on innovation, entrepreneurship and sustainable development and took place at the UNIANDES campus in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia) between May 30 and June 1, 2018

Radar rainfall estimation for the post-event analysis of a Slovenian flash-flood case: application of the Mountain Reference Technique at C-band frequency

International audienceThis article is dedicated to radar rainfall estimation for the post-event analysis of a Slovenian flash flood that occurred on 18 September 2007. The utility of the Mountain Reference Technique is demonstrated to quantify rain attenuation effects that affect C-band radar measurements in heavy rain. Maximum path-integrated attenuation between 15 and 20 dB were measured thanks to mountain returns for path-averaged rain rates between 10 and 15 mm h−1 over a 120-km path. The proposed technique allowed estimation of an effective radar calibration correction factor, assuming the reflectivity-attenuation relationship to be known. Screening effects were quantified using a geometrical calculation based on a digitized terrain model of the region. The vertical structure of the reflectivity was modelled with a normalized apparent vertical profile of reflectivity. Implementation of the radar data processing indicated that: (1) attenuation correction using the Hitschfeld Bordan algorithm allowed obtaining satisfactory radar rain estimates (Nash criterion of 0.8 at the event time scale); (2) due to the attenuation equation instability, it is however compulsory to limit the maximum path-integrated attenuation to be corrected to about 10 dB; (3) the results also proved to be sensitive on the parameterization of reflectivity-attenuation-rainrate relationships. The convective nature of the precipitation explains the rather good performance obtained. For more contrasted rainy systems with convective and stratiform regions, the combination of the vertical (VPR) and radial (attenuation, screening) sources of heterogeneity yields a still very challenging problem for radar quantitative precipitation estimation at C-band

Synthèses et études d'analogues à la matière organique cométaire

Comets are very interesting for planetology as well as for exobiology. On one hand, held in the furthest and coldest regions of our solar system and due to their small size, they might not have been altered since their formation. The study of comets should allow a better understanding of the physic-chemical processes occurring during the Solar system formation. On the other hand, the analysis performed in 1986 on the environment of 1P/Halley showed the presence, in the cometary dust, of organic matter. Thus, comets might have brought organics on primitive Earth which might have contributed to the apparition of life. Nevertheless, the nature of these organics is still not well-known. Cometary organics might have been synthesized from the ices detected in interstellar medium which are submitted to different energetic processes. The aims of the experimental work performed during this thesis are to characterize the different steps of the synthesis of complex organic matter contained in comets from the interstellar ices. I studied : i) The quantification of interstellar ices detected around young stellar objects ii) The characterization of the photolysis process to which ices are submitted and iii.) The nature of the organic compounds produced during these processes. Once mixtures and energetic processes are under control, we can make cometary organic analogs. Infrared observations have revealed the presence of several molecules in the solid phase around young stellar objects. To precise their molecular abundances, I have measured the integrated cross sections, also called band strengths, of 8 molecules (H2O, CO, CO2, CH3OH, NH3, CH4, HCOOH and H2CO). Indeed, this spectroscopic parameter is required for the quantification of these molecules and some values presented in literature are scattered. The new measurements performed during this thesis, which are based on a bibliographic review of densities and optical indices in the visible range, confirm the values already used for the quantification of CO2, CO, CH4, NH3. But this work also underlines that abundances of CH3OH, H2CO and HCOOH in interstellar medium are still uncertain. In the solid phase, wavelength dependence of photolysis is often neglected. Thanks to two VUV lamps, for which the spectral irradiances have been characterized, I measured the production quantum yield, in two wavelength ranges, of C2H6 and CO, during photolysis of CH4 and CO2 respectively. Thanks to this study, I point out that quantum yield depends on the photolysis wavelength. Thus, the extrapolation of the experimental results to different astrophysical medium implies a good knowledge of VUV spectra. The final objective of experimental simulations is to foresee the nature of cometary organic matter by reproducing, as realistic as possible, the chemistry occurring in interstellar ices. Methane has been detected in the solid phase in the interstellar medium, but few studies implying methane have been undertaken. Thus, I have photolyzed a mixture composed of H2O: CH3OH: NH3: CH4 (10:1:1:2) during 26 hours at low temperature and then I applied a heating process. The influence of initial methane in the ice chemistry is demonstrated by the presence of its main photoproducts, C2H6, after photolysis. But while increasing temperature, methane and its photoproducts seem to sublimate. Therefore, with or without methane, chemistry occurring at temperature higher than 200K seems to be very similar. I conclude than methane does not have significant influence on ice chemistryLes comètes présentent un grand intérêt à la fois pour la planétologie et pour l'exobiologie. En effet, ces corps primitifs du fait de leur petite taille et de leurs réservoirs éloignés du soleil, n'ont pas ou que très peu évolué depuis leur formation. L'étude des comètes peut donc permettre de mieux comprendre les processus physico-chimiques ayant eu lieu lors de la formation du Système Solaire. D'autre part, les analyses menées en 1986 dans l'environnement de la comète 1P/Halley ont montré l'existence, dans les grains cométaires d'une phase solide riche en composés organiques. Ainsi, les comètes ont vraisemblablement pu apporter sur la Terre primitive des composés organiques, et favoriser ainsi l'apparition de la Vie. Néanmoins la nature de cette matière organique reste encore très largement méconnue. Ces composés organiques ont vraisemblablement été formés à partir des glaces observées dans le milieu interstellaire et qui sont soumises à différentes sources d'énergie. Les objectifs du travail expérimental mené au cours de cette thèse ont donc été de caractériser les différentes étapes conduisant à la synthèse des composés organiques complexes contenus dans les comètes à partir des glaces interstellaires. En particulier, j'ai étudié i.) la quantification des glaces présentes autour des étoiles naissantes, ii.) les processus de photolyse auxquels elles sont soumises et iii.) la nature des composés organiques qui peuvent être produits durant ces processus. Les observations infrarouges ont permis de détecter de nombreuses molécules en phase condensée autour des étoiles naissantes. Afin de préciser l'abondance de ces molécules, j'ai mesuré les sections efficaces intégrées, aussi appelées forces de bandes, pour huit d'entre elles (H2O, CO, CO2, CH3OH, NH3, CH4, HCOOH and H2CO). En effet, ce paramètre spectroscopique est nécessaire à la quantification des molécules et certaines des valeurs présentes dans la littérature affichaient une grande dispersion. Les nouvelles mesures que j'ai effectuées, basées sur une revue bibliographique exhaustive des masses volumiques et des indices optiques dans le visible, confirment pour certaines molécules (CO2, CO, CH4, NH3) les valeurs utilisées pour déterminer leur abondance. Néanmoins, j'ai pu montrer que les abondances d'autres molécules dans les milieux astrophysiques restent encore très incertaines, en particulier pour CH3OH, H2CO et HCOOH. En phase condensée, la dépendance en longueur d'onde des processus de photolyse est encore très largement négligée. Grâce à l'utilisation de deux lampes VUV, dont l'irradiance spectrale a été préalablement caractérisée, j'ai pu mesurer, dans deux gammes de longueurs d'onde différentes, les rendements quantiques de production de C2H6 et de CO lors de la photolyse de CH4 et CO2. J'ai ainsi pu confirmer que les rendements quantiques dépendent bien de la longueur d'onde de photolyse. L'extrapolation des résultats expérimentaux acquis en laboratoire aux différents milieux astrophysiques nécessite donc une bonne connaissance des spectres VUV mis en jeu. L'objectif final des simulations expérimentales est de prédire la nature de la matière organique cométaire en reproduisant au mieux la chimie pouvant se dérouler dans les glaces interstellaires. Or, le méthane a été détecté en phase condensée dans le milieu interstellaire, mais son influence sur la chimie se déroulant dans des mélanges de glaces contenant les principales molécules interstellaires a été très peu étudiée. J'ai donc soumis un mélange H2O : CH3OH : NH3 : CH4 (10 : 1 : 1 : 2) à une photolyse de 26 heures puis à un chauffage. L'influence du méthane se manifeste par la présence de C2H6 après la photolyse à basse température. Lors du chauffage, le méthane et ses photoproduits semblent se sublimer. Avec ou sans CH4, la chimie à des températures supérieures à 200 K apparaît très similaire. J'en conclu donc que la présence de méthane ne modifie pas notablement la chimie des glaces lors des simulation

Three-way relationships between gut microbiota, helminth assemblages and bacterial infections in wild rodent populations

Despite its central role in host fitness, the gut microbiota may differ greatly between individuals. This variability is often mediated by environmental or host factors such as diet, genetics, and infections. Recently, particular attention has been given to the interactions between gut bacteriota and helminths, as these latter could affect host susceptibility to other infections. Further studies are still required to better understand the three-way interactions between gut bacteriota, helminths and other parasites, especially because previous findings have been very variable, even for comparable host-parasite systems. In our study, we used the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene to assess the variability of gut bacteriota diversity and composition in wild populations of a small mammal, the bank vole Myodes glareolus. Four sites were sampled at a regional geographical scale (100 km) along a North-South transect in Eastern France. We applied analyses of community and microbial ecology to evaluate the interactions between the gut bacteriota, the gastro-intestinal helminths and the pathogenic bacteria detected in the spleen. We identified important variations of the gut bacteriota composition and diversity among bank voles. They were mainly explained by sampling localities and reflected the North/South sampling transect. In addition, we detected two main enterotypes, that might correspond to contrasted diets. We found geographic variations of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, that correlated positively with body mass index. We found positive correlations between the specific richness of the gut bacteriota and of the helminth community, as well as between the composition of these two communities, even when accounting for the influence of geographical distance. The helminths Aonchotheca murissylvatici, Heligmosomum mixtum and  the bacteria Bartonella sp were the main taxa associated with the whole gut bacteriota composition. Besides, changes in the relative abundance of particular gut bacteriota taxa were specifically associated with other helminths (Mastophorus muris, Catenotaenia henttoneni, Paranoplocephala omphalodes and Trichuris arvicolae) or pathogenic bacteria. Especially, infections with Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Orientia sp, Rickettsia sp and P. omphalodes were associated with lower relative abundance of the family Erysipelotrichaceae (Firmicutes), while coinfections with higher number of bacterial infections were associated with lower relative abundance of a Bacteroidales family (Bacteroidetes). These results emphasize complex interlinkages between gut bacteriota and infections in wild animal populations. They remain difficult to generalize due to the strong impact of the environment on these interactions, even at regional geographical scales. Abiotic features, as well as small mammal community composition and within host parasite coinfections, should now be considered to better understand the spatial variations observed in the relationships between gut bacteriota, gastro-intestinal helminths and bacterial infections

VUV spectroscopy of an electron irradiated benzene : carbon dioxide interstellar ice analogue

We present the first vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopic study of an interstellar ice analogue of a 1 : 100 benzene (C6H6) : carbon dioxide (CO2) mixture which has been energetically processed with 1 keV electrons. We have exploited the fact that benzene has a relatively high photoabsorption cross section in the vacuum ultraviolet region to study this dilute mixture of benzene. Before irradiation with 1 keV electrons, we observed that the benzene electronic transition bands in the C6H6 : CO2 mixture exhibits a blueshift in band position towards energies observed in the gas-phase compared with that of pure, amorphous benzene and we have attributed this to a matrix isolation effect. After irradiation, a lowering in intensity of both the carbon dioxide and benzene electronic transition bands was observed, as well as the formation of the small irradiation product, carbon monoxide. A residue was obtained at 200 K which showed characteristic features of the benzene electronic transition of 1E1u ← 1A1g, but with additional structure suggesting the formation of a benzene derivative

Dancing in the office: A study of gestures as resistance

Following the art-body-ethics turn in management studies we use dance as an analogy in order to explore how the body can resist organisational control in office work contexts. We argue that in office work gestures can be a site of post-recognition resistance. Drawing on two art videos and on dance studies, we explain that this is operated either through arrest or through flow. In fact aesthetic experiments in gesturing disrupt the work rhythm needed for organisational efficiency and enforced by organisational control. This allows us to contribute primarily to the literature on resistance in organisation studies and relatedly to the growing literature on dance in organisation studies through demonstrating how dance can be a source of resistance

Serologic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Wild Rodents, Europe

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