Efeito de revestimentos ativos no período de vida útil do chouriço tradicional Português

Dissertação de Mestrado em Segurança AlimentarO chouriço tradicional Português é bastante apreciado pelos consumidores sendo comercializado sob embalagens em atmosfera modificada ou a vácuo. Após aquisição deste produto, os consumidores abrem as embalagens e conservam-no em refrigeração. Na superfície do chouriço desenvolvem-se frequentemente bolores dando-lhe características organoléticas repugnantes que levam à sua rejeição. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em estudar o efeito de revestimentos ativos incorporados com péptidos antimicrobianos nisina (NS,1%) e/ou natamicina (NT,0,05% e 0,025%) para inibir o desenvolvimento dos bolores na superfície dos chouriços. Revestimentos de quitosano (Q,0,5%) e lactato de sódio (LS,2,4%) com antimicrobianos imobilizados foram testados em tripa seca natural, contaminada com Penicillium funiculosum: Q(0,5%)+LS(2,4%); Q(0,5%)+LS(2,4%)+NS(1%); Q(0,5%)+LS(2,4%)+NT(0,05% e 0,025%); Q(0,5%)+LS(2,4%)+NS(1%)+NT(0,05%). O revestimento Q(0,5%)+LS(2,4%)+NT(0,025%) revelou ser o mais promissor, inibindo o desenvolvimento do bolor até 60 dias. Este revestimento foi aplicado em chouriço tradicional, revelando-se eficaz no controlo do desenvolvimento de bolores na superfície do produto, até pelo menos 30dias de armazenamento em condições semelhantes às da casa do consumidor, não afetando contudo as bactérias do ácido láctico (LAB) e Staphylococcus coagulase negativos, microbiota tecnológica do produto, assim como a atividade da água (aw) e pH do enchido que contribuem para a sua estabilidade.ABSTRACT - EFFECT OF ACTIVE COATINGS ON THE SHELF LIFE OF TRADITIONAL PORTUGUESE SAUSAGE - The traditional Portuguese sausage “chouriço" is very appreciated by consumers and is marketed under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) or vacuum. After purchasing this product, consumers open the package and put it under refrigeration. On the surface of the sausage develops moulds giving them an unappealing aspect and rejection to consume. The aim of this work was to study the effect of active coatings incorporating antimicrobial peptides Nisin (NS, 1%) and/or Natamycin (NT, 0.05% and 0.025%) to inhibit the growth of moulds on the surface of fermented smoked sausages. Chitosan coatings (Ch,0,5%) and Sodium Lactate (SL,2.4%) with immobilized antimicrobial were tested on natural dried casings, contaminated with Penicillium funiculosum: Ch(0.5%)+SL(2.4%); Ch(0.5%)+LS(2.4%)+NS(1%); Ch(0.5%)+LS(2.4%)+NT(0.05% and 0.025%); Ch(0.5%)+SL(2.4%)+NS(1%)+NT (0.05%). The coating Ch(0.5%)+LS(2.4%)+NT(0.025%) was the most promising, inhibiting the development of mould up to 60 days. This coating was applied on traditional sausage chouriço, being effective to control the growth of moulds on product surface, up to at least 30 storage days in similar conditions to those held at consumer's home, without affecting lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and coagulase negative Staphylococcus, the technological microbiota of the product, as well the sausage water activity (aw) and pH which contributes to its stability

Development, Characterization, and In Vivo Evaluation of a Novel Aptamer (Anti-MUC1/Y) for Breast Cancer Therapy

MUC1, the transmembrane glycoprotein Mucin 1, is usually found to be overexpressed in a variety of epithelial cancers playing an important role in disease progression. MUC1 isoforms such as MUC1/Y, which lacks the entire variable number of tandem repeat region, are involved in oncogenic processes by enhancing tumour initiation. MUC1/Y is therefore considered a promising target for the identification and treatment of epithelial cancers; but so far, the precise role of MUC1/Y remains to be elucidated. In this work, we developed and identified a DNA aptamer that specifically recognizes the splice variant MUC1/Y for the first time. The DNA aptamer could bind to a wide variety of human cancer cells, and treatment of MUC1/Y positive cells resulted in reduced growth in vitro. Moreover, MUC1/Y aptamer inhibited the tumour growth of breast cancer cells in vivo. The present study highlights the importance of targeting MUC1/Y for cancer treatment and unravels the suitability of a DNA aptamer to act as a new therapeutic tool

Synthesis and Evaluation of [F-18]FEtLos and [F-18]AMBF(3)Los as Novel F-18-Labelled Losartan Derivatives for Molecular Imaging of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors

Losartan is widely used in clinics to treat cardiovascular related diseases by selectively blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT(1)Rs), which regulate the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Therefore, monitoring the physiological and pathological biodistribution of AT(1)R using positron emission tomography (PET) might be a valuable tool to assess the functionality of RAS. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two novel losartan derivatives PET tracers, [F-18]fluoroethyl-losartan ([F-18]FEtLos) and [F-18]ammoniomethyltrifluoroborate-losartan ([F-18]AMBF(3)Los). [F-18]FEtLos was radiolabeled by F-18-fluoroalkylation of losartan potassium using the prosthetic group 2-[F-18]fluoroethyl tosylate; whereas [F-18]AMBF(3)Los was prepared following an one-step F-18-F-19 isotopic exchange reaction, in an overall yield of 2.7 +/- 0.9% and 11 +/- 4%, respectively, with high radiochemical purity (>95%). Binding competition assays in AT(1)R-expressing membranes showed that AMBF(3)Los presented an almost equivalent binding affinity (K-i 7.9 nM) as the cold reference Losartan (K-i 1.5 nM), unlike FEtLos (K-i 2000 nM). In vitro and in vivo assays showed that [F-18]AMBF(3)Los displayed a good binding affinity for AT(1)R-overexpressing CHO cells and was able to specifically bind to renal AT(1)R. Hence, our data demonstrate [F-18]AMBF(3)Los as a new tool for PET imaging of AT(1)R with possible applications for the diagnosis of cardiovascular, inflammatory and cancer diseases

DILEMAS DA EPISTEMOLOGIA AMBIENTAL

The perception crisis as part of the scientific knowledge crisis is expanded by inversions caused by merchandise development. They are interdependent dimensions of the environmental epistemology dilemmas which have been analyzed in this study, such as the customization of goods and the reification of people. These and other inversions obstruct the understanding of essential aspects relating to the current environmental issues, arising from a particular development model driven by production and consumption. Environmental epistemology is part of a science driven by the permanent conflict due to the inversion that maintains the inverted reality since the development of merchandise. Such science constitutes itself through interdisciplinary exercise, having in knowledge dialogue its own dynamism.A crise de percepção como parte da crise do conhecimento científico é expandida pelas inversões provocadas pelo desenvolvimento da mercadoria. São dimensões interdependentes dos dilemas da epistemologia ambiental analisadas por este texto, tais como a personalização das mercadorias e a coisificação das pessoas. Essas e outras inversões obstaculizam a compreensão de aspectos imprescindíveis, referentes à questão ambiental atual, advindos de um determinado modelo de desenvolvimento impulsionado pela produção e pelo consumo. A epistemologia ambiental é parte de uma ciência impulsionada pela conflituosidade permanente devido à inversão que mantém a realidade invertida desde o desenvolvimento da mercadoria. Tal ciência se constitui por intermédio do exercício interdisciplinar tendo no diálogo dos saberes o seu dinamismo

LAR SILVANA: SITE PARA ABRIGO ANIMAL

O trabalho se pauta no uso da computação como ferramenta de transformação positiva na comunidade. Omesmo surgiu a partir da observação das necessidades dos abrigos de animais em Blumenau e doprocesso atual de adoção, tendo em vista que muitos ainda lidam com problemas como a decentralizaçãodos canais de doação, adoção e comunicação, além da ausência de um espaço de listagem dos animaispresentes no abrigo. A partir disso, tomamos como objetivo desenvolver uma plataforma virtual quereúna essas informações a fim de promover e facilitar a adoção responsável de animais. A proposta doprojeto consiste na criação de um website abrangente para o abrigo animal. Esse site funcionará como umhub centralizado para informações sobre o abrigo e os animais disponíveis para adoção. Através do site,os usuários terão acesso a perfis detalhados de cada animal, incluindo fotos, idade e quaisquernecessidades especiais. Além disso, a plataforma permitirá que interessados em adotar preenchamformulários online de interesse e estabeleçam contato direto com o abrigo. Também será possível realizardoações online através do site para apoiar o cuidado e a manutenção dos animais abrigados. Os dadospara o site serão coletados em colaboração com o abrigo, garantindo a precisão e atualização contínua dasinformações. A criação da plataforma será conduzida utilizando linguagens de programação web e umsistema de gerenciamento de banco de dados. A abordagem de design será responsiva, garantindo que osite seja acessível de forma adequada tanto em dispositivos móveis quanto em computadores desktop. Emresumo, o projeto busca empregar a tecnologia de maneira inovadora para enfrentar os desafiosrelacionados à adoção responsável de animais. Ao estabelecer uma plataforma online centralizada, ainiciativa visa não somente simplificar o processo de adoção, mas também transformar positivamente amaneira como a comunidade interage com os abrigos de animais. Ao enfrentar questões como adescentralização da informação e a ausência de uma plataforma única para listar os animais disponíveis, oprojeto tem como objetivo melhorar a comunicação, promover o bem-estar dos animais e incentivarpráticas de adoção responsável

Practical Science and Environmental Education Workshop in Manaus, Brazil

It is an unequivocal fact that Amazonian tropical forest is the largest remaining primary forest in the world. The ecosystem in the region is e tremely comple with high biodiversity (Peres et al. 2010). Conservation and protection of the dynamic forest and river regions is e tremely important not only for the natural environments, but also for the economy and social dependence of benefits from such abundant natural environments. Important natural parameters that affect status of the natural environments include light (natural sunlight), soil, and water, which abundantly e ist in the Amazon region. Solar energy is the primary energy source for the majority of living organisms in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and drives the diurnal and seasonal cycles of biogeochemical processes (Monteith & Unsworth 2013). In particular, in situ light data remains one of the most underappreciated data measurements although having a significant impact on the physical, chemical and biological processes in the ecosystem (Johnsen 2012). Soil provides the fundamental basis for all terrestrial living organisms including the Amazonian forests as well as life-sustaining infrastructure for human society. Water is the most essential single entity to constitute all organisms from a single cell to the earth. Understanding of importance and roles of each factor and interaction of such comple dynamics in the natural environments can serve as fundamental platform for natural scientists, particularly for young scientists such as university students. The objective of this workshop was to provide hand- on scientific and environmental education for university students in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil through practical field measurements using the three most important parameters in the natural ecosystem composed of natural sunlight, soil, and water. The workshop was divided into a series of lectures, in situ field sampling, and data processing, analysis and interpretation with the ultimate goal of empowering the undergraduate students with research-centered environmental education and e perience of developing international collaboration.departmental bulletin pape

Síndrome do coração Pós-feriado: pacientes acometidos por arritmia cardíaca em detrimento do consumo exagerado de álcool: Post Holiday coração Syndrome: patients suffered by cardiac arrhythmia to the detriment of exaggerated alcohol consumption

INTRODUÇÃO: O álcool é conhecido por beneficiar o sistema cardiovascular com a ativação do sistema fibrinolítico, redução da agregação de plaquetas e aperfeiçoamento do perfil lipídico, entre outros mecanismos, quando consumido em doses moderadas. Todavia, seu uso de maneira abusiva culmina em patologias graves que podem evoluir para a morte, como a hipertensão arterial, a cardiomiopatia alcoólica, a arritmia cardíaca e até a “Síndrome do Coração Pós Feriado” ou do inglês, “Holiday Heart Syndrome”. OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo tem como objetivo delinear sobre a Síndrome do Coração Pós Feriado, transpassando por suas características clínicas, repercussões eletrofisiológicas, diagnóstico e manejo terapêutico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Dessa forma, o presente trabalho realizou uma revisão sistemática qualitativa, realizado no período entre julho e agosto de 2022, através de artigos das bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed). RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: A interação do álcool no organismo está diretamente relacionada com o sistema nervoso autônomo do indivíduo, gerando um estado de desequilíbrio autonômico, assim há alterações elétricas, como acréscimo da frequência cardíaca, gerando um estado de taquicardia. A principal patologia encontrada em questão foi a taquicardia sinusal, sendo um tipo de arritmia e por conseguinte, notou-se a presença da fibrilação atrial, sendo o excesso no consumo de etanol é causador de aproximadamente 67% dos casos de emergências desta última enfermidade. CONCLUSÃO: Portanto, com base na literatura analisada, observou-se que a ingestão alcoólica aguda age retardando o sistema de condução cardíaco, atua no encurtamento do período refratário e o aumento da atividade simpática, além de aumentar os níveis de catecolaminas circulantes. Por fim, também se evidenciou uma associação entre álcool e fatores de risco, principalmente hipertensão e obesidade e essas patologias aumentam os episódios de fibrilação atrial

Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0·5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86·9 years (95% UI 86·7-87·2), and for men in Singapore, at 81·3 years (78·8-83·7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, an

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background: A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97\ub71 (95% UI 95\ub78-98\ub71) in Iceland, followed by 96\ub76 (94\ub79-97\ub79) in Norway and 96\ub71 (94\ub75-97\ub73) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18\ub76 (13\ub71-24\ub74) in the Central African Republic, 19\ub70 (14\ub73-23\ub77) in Somalia, and 23\ub74 (20\ub72-26\ub78) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91\ub75 (89\ub71-93\ub76) in Beijing to 48\ub70 (43\ub74-53\ub72) in Tibet (a 43\ub75-point difference), while India saw a 30\ub78-point disparity, from 64\ub78 (59\ub76-68\ub78) in Goa to 34\ub70 (30\ub73-38\ub71) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4\ub78-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20\ub79-point to 17\ub70-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17\ub72-point to 20\ub74-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view-and subsequent provision-of quality health care for all populations