Wandering behaviour prevents inter and intra oceanic speciation in a coastal pelagic fish

Small pelagic fishes have the ability to disperse over long distances and may present complex evolutionary histories. Here, Old World Anchovies (OWA) were used as a model system to understand genetic patterns and connectivity of fish between the Atlantic and Pacific basins. We surveyed 16 locations worldwide using mtDNA and 8 microsatellite loci for genetic parameters, and mtDNA (cyt b; 16S) and nuclear (RAG1; RAG2) regions for dating major lineage-splitting events within Engraulidae family. The OWA genetic divergences (0-0.4%) are compatible with intra-specific divergence, showing evidence of both ancient and contemporary admixture between the Pacific and Atlantic populations, enhanced by high asymmetrical migration from the Pacific to the Atlantic. The estimated divergence between Atlantic and Pacific anchovies (0.67 [0.53-0.80] Ma) matches a severe drop of sea temperature during the Gunz glacial stage of the Pleistocene. Our results support an alternative evolutionary scenario for the OWA, suggesting a coastal migration along south Asia, Middle East and eastern Africa continental platforms, followed by the colonization of the Atlantic via the Cape of the Good Hope.Portuguese Foundation for Science & Technology (FCT) [SFRH/BD/36600/2007]; FCT [UID/MAR/04292/2013, SFRH/BPD/65830/2009]; FCT strategic plan [UID/Multi/04326/2013]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10–24 years, 1950–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Summary: Background Documentation of patterns and long-term trends in mortality in young people, which reflect huge changes in demographic and social determinants of adolescent health, enables identification of global investment priorities for this age group. We aimed to analyse data on the number of deaths, years of life lost, and mortality rates by sex and age group in people aged 10–24 years in 204 countries and territories from 1950 to 2019 by use of estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods We report trends in estimated total numbers of deaths and mortality rate per 100 000 population in young people aged 10–24 years by age group (10–14 years, 15–19 years, and 20–24 years) and sex in 204 countries and territories between 1950 and 2019 for all causes, and between 1980 and 2019 by cause of death. We analyse variation in outcomes by region, age group, and sex, and compare annual rate of change in mortality in young people aged 10–24 years with that in children aged 0–9 years from 1990 to 2019. We then analyse the association between mortality in people aged 10–24 years and socioeconomic development using the GBD Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure based on average national educational attainment in people older than 15 years, total fertility rate in people younger than 25 years, and income per capita. We assess the association between SDI and all-cause mortality in 2019, and analyse the ratio of observed to expected mortality by SDI using the most recent available data release (2017). Findings In 2019 there were 1·49 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·39–1·59) worldwide in people aged 10–24 years, of which 61% occurred in males. 32·7% of all adolescent deaths were due to transport injuries, unintentional injuries, or interpersonal violence and conflict; 32·1% were due to communicable, nutritional, or maternal causes; 27·0% were due to non-communicable diseases; and 8·2% were due to self-harm. Since 1950, deaths in this age group decreased by 30·0% in females and 15·3% in males, and sex-based differences in mortality rate have widened in most regions of the world. Geographical variation has also increased, particularly in people aged 10–14 years. Since 1980, communicable and maternal causes of death have decreased sharply as a proportion of total deaths in most GBD super-regions, but remain some of the most common causes in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, where more than half of all adolescent deaths occur. Annual percentage decrease in all-cause mortality rate since 1990 in adolescents aged 15–19 years was 1·3% in males and 1·6% in females, almost half that of males aged 1–4 years (2·4%), and around a third less than in females aged 1–4 years (2·5%). The proportion of global deaths in people aged 0–24 years that occurred in people aged 10–24 years more than doubled between 1950 and 2019, from 9·5% to 21·6%. Interpretation Variation in adolescent mortality between countries and by sex is widening, driven by poor progress in reducing deaths in males and older adolescents. Improving global adolescent mortality will require action to address the specific vulnerabilities of this age group, which are being overlooked. Furthermore, indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to jeopardise efforts to improve health outcomes including mortality in young people aged 10–24 years. There is an urgent need to respond to the changing global burden of adolescent mortality, address inequities where they occur, and improve the availability and quality of primary mortality data in this age group

Follow-up of Cancer Patients by Family Health Workers Acompañamiento de pacientes portadores de cáncer por trabajadores de equipos de la salud de la familia Acompanhamento de usuários, portadores de câncer, por trabalhadores da saúde da família

This descriptive and quantitative study identified and analyzed follow-up actions developed by workers of 13 Family Health Teams (FHT) for cancer patients in a city in the Southeast of Brazil. A questionnaire validated by seven experts was applied to 101 workers. The results indicated that 80.2% of workers were aware of the existence of cancer patients in the FHT scope area; 13.9% were aware of the total number of cancer patients; and 63.3% delivered care to these patients; home visits were carried out by 93.1%; and 69% discussed cases during FHT meetings. Emotional support was the most frequent action among those offered by workers to caregivers. As to the joint work developed within the service network, 46.5% reported that there are no counter-referrals. The conclusion is that follow-up is not systematized; there are needs and possibilities within the Family Health Strategy for workers to follow-up with cancer patients and their caregivers.<br>Se objetivó identificar y analizar las acciones de acompañamiento desarrolladas por los trabajadores de 13 Equipos de Salud de la Familia (ESF), de los pacientes portadores de cáncer en un municipio del Sureste de Brasil. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con abordaje cuantitativo. Se utilizó un cuestionario validado por siete jueces. Fueron sujetos de la investigación 101 trabajadores. Se verificó que: 80,2% de los trabajadores conocían la presencia de pacientes portadores de cáncer en el área de influencia de la ESF; 13,9% conocían el total de los pacientes, 63,3% realizaban atenciones; la visita domiciliar eran realizadas por 93,1% de los trabajadores y 69,0% realizaban discusiones del caso en reuniones de la ESF; y, el apoyo emocional al cuidador es la acción más frecuente entre aquellas ofrecidas por los trabajadores al cuidador. En relación a la articulación de la red de servicios, 46,5% de los trabajadores refirieron no haber contra referencia. Se concluye que existen necesidades y posibilidades en las ESF para realizar el acompañamiento a estos clientes y a sus cuidadores, siendo que este acompañamiento es realizado de modo no sistematizado.<br>Objetivou-se, aqui, identificar e analisar as ações de acompanhamento desenvolvidas pelos trabalhadores de 13 Equipes de Saúde da Família (ESF) aos usuários portadores de câncer, em município do Sudeste do Brasil. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. Utilizou-se questionário validado por sete juízes. Foram sujeitos da pesquisa 101 trabalhadores. Verificou-se que 80,2% dos trabalhadores conheciam a presença de usuários portadores de câncer na área de abrangência da ESF, 13,9% conheciam o total dos usuários, 63,3% realizam atendimentos; a visita domiciliar é realizada por 93,1% dos trabalhadores e 69% realizam discussão do caso em reuniões da ESF. O apoio emocional ao cuidador é a ação mais frequente dentre aquelas ofertadas pelos trabalhadores ao cuidador. Em relação à articulação da rede de serviços, 46,5% dos trabalhadores referiram não haver contrarreferência. Concluí-se existir necessidades e possibilidades nas ESFs para realizar o acompanhamento a esses usuários e seus cuidadores, sendo o acompanhamento realizado de modo não sistematizado