12 research outputs found
Precision physics of simple atoms: QED tests, nuclear structure and fundamental constants
Quantum electrodynamics is the first successful and still the most successful
quantum field theory. Simple atoms, being essentially QED systems, allow highly
accurate theoretical predictions. Because of their simple spectra, such atoms
have been also efficiently studied experimentally frequently offering the most
precisely measured quantities. Our review is devoted to comparison of theory
and experiment in the field of precision physics of light simple atoms. In
particular, we consider the Lamb shift in the hydrogen atom, the hyperfine
structure in hydrogen, deuterium, helium-3 ion, muonium and positronium, as
well as a number of other transitions in positronium. Additionally to a
spectrum of unperturbed atoms, we consider annihilation decay of positronium
and the g factor of bound particles in various two-body atoms. Special
attention is paid to the uncertainty of the QED calculations due to the
uncalculated higher-order corrections and effects of the nuclear structure. We
also discuss applications of simple atoms to determination of several
fundamental constants
A content analysis of relationship marketing conducted by the four major professional sports leagues in North America.
Agonist-Mediated Activation of STING Induces Apoptosis in Malignant B Cells
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses through the IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway are required for the function of STING (TMEM173), an ER-resident transmembrane protein critical for cytoplasmic DNA sensing, IFN production, and cancer control. Here we show that the IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway functions downstream of STING and that STING agonists selectively trigger mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in normal and malignant B cells. Upon stimulation, STING was degraded less efficiently in B cells, implying that prolonged activation of STING can lead to apoptosis. Transient activation of the IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway partially protected agonist-stimulated malignant B cells from undergoing apoptosis. In Eμ-TCL1 mice with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, injection of the STING agonist 3\u273\u27-cGAMP induced apoptosis and tumor regression. Similarly efficacious effects were elicited by 3\u273\u27-cGAMP injection in syngeneic or immunodeficient mice grafted with multiple myeloma. Thus, in addition to their established ability to boost antitumoral immune responses, STING agonists can also directly eradicate malignant B cells
Agonist-Mediated Activation of STING Induces Apoptosis in Malignant B Cells
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses through the IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway are required for the function of STING (TMEM173), an ER-resident transmembrane protein critical for cytoplasmic DNA sensing, IFN production, and cancer control. Here we show that the IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway functions downstream of STING and that STING agonists selectively trigger mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in normal and malignant B cells. Upon stimulation, STING was degraded less efficiently in B cells, implying that prolonged activation of STING can lead to apoptosis. Transient activation of the IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway partially protected agonist-stimulated malignant B cells from undergoing apoptosis. In Eμ-TCL1 mice with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, injection of the STING agonist 3\u273\u27-cGAMP induced apoptosis and tumor regression. Similarly efficacious effects were elicited by 3\u273\u27-cGAMP injection in syngeneic or immunodeficient mice grafted with multiple myeloma. Thus, in addition to their established ability to boost antitumoral immune responses, STING agonists can also directly eradicate malignant B cells