Antinociceptive effect of Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster Mushroom) Aqueous Extracts in Rattus norvegicus (Albino Rats)

Antinociceptive is reducing sensitivity to painful stimuli for the individual. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive potentials of graded doses of Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster Mushroom) aqueous extract in Rattus norvegicus (Albino Rats) and its chemical pattern by comparing it with a standard drug and a control using the hot water based flick tail test. Thirty five adult rats of both sexes were used for the experiment which, were divided into five groups of seven rats per group. Group one was used as the control (with 1ml normal saline), while groups two, three and four were treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of Pleurotus ostreatus aqueous extracts and group five treated with 15 mg/kg Aspirin (a standard drug) as positive control. Hot water at 550C was used to determine the nociceptive responses of the animals to detect anti-nociceptive effects of Pleurotus ostreatus extracts as compared to the control in hot water inflicted pain. The results suggested that Pleurotus ostreatus aqueous extract exhibits antinociceptive properties against thermal stimulus at 550C. The diversity of individual animals’ pain tolerance threshold when immersed in hot water was also observed during the experiment. However, the extract indicated a high degree of anti-nociceptive effect at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post treatment period, with a progressively longer threshold time for pain sensitivity. It was also found that at 90 minute period, the control portrayed a relatively short response time.KEY WORDS: Anti-nociceptive, threshold pain, Pleurotus ostreatus, hot water test flick tail

Effect of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) mycelia on petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated substrate

A study on the mycoremediation effect of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) mycelia on petroleum-hydrocarbon-contaminated substrate was carried out in the mushroom unit of the Faculty of Agriculture Demonstration Farm, located in the University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The study aimed at determining the degree of reduction or breakdown of chains of hydrocarbon in a petroleum-hydrocarbon-contaminated substrate over time. Mushroom substrate comprised sawdust enriched with nutrients to allow for microbial proliferation was obtained from the demonstration farm, while crude oil obtained from the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) was used as contaminant. 230g of fully ramified mushroom substrate was weighed out in triplicates and subjected to three treatment regimes (A, B and C). Treatments A, B and C were contaminated with 20ml, 40ml and 60ml of crude oil respectively, while their corresponding controls similarly contaminated with crude oil had no mushroom mycelia and were further sterilized to eliminate any microbial life. The experiment was monitored for four weeks within which total hydrocarbon concentrations in treatments A, B and C were reduced by 90%, 87% and 85% respectively over time while no change occurred in their corresponding control groups. It is recommended that the application of mushroom mycelium is a new and effective tool in the rapid remediation of sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons over a short period of time as opposed to the usual conventional, time-consuming, and inefficient methods of waste management in the environment.Keywords: Mycoremediation, Mycelia, Contaminated Soil, Oyster Mushroo

Characterization of wastes and their recycling potentials; A case study of East-West Road, Port Harcourt

Wastes along the Port Harcourt axis of East \u2013West Road from Choba Bridge to Rumukwurushi tank were studied. This study was based on the characterization of wastes and its recycling potentials. Eight different waste receptacles were studied. Wastes in these receptacles were characterized and their recycling potentials evaluated. Predominant wastes at each receptacle were identified through direct waste sorting and characterization. Waste scavengers were interviewed to appreciate the trend of waste sorting and characterization in Port Harcourt. Common waste discovered at the receptacles were cartons, papers , animals bones, plastics , aluminium plates, nylon bags, ceramic materials, vegetable stems, hospital wastes, old and damaged electronics, old computers, photocopying machines etc. The wastes in the area could be grouped into municipal wastes and they express the type of activities carried out within the study area. Recycling potentials of the characterized wastes were identified and the likely benefits of waste recycling emphasized. It was observed that: plastics could be recycled into fleece jacket; aluminium cans could be shredded, ground and melted to form another aluminium sheet. Bottles, glass and ceramics were observed to be recycleable into their original products. Vegetable stems and garbage could be used to produce compost and animal bones crushed and used to produce vim. Other combustible materials could be used as fuel. Awareness on recycling should generally be encouraged in society. @JASE

Mycoremediation of petroleum contaminated soils: progress, prospects and perspectives

Mycoremediation, an aspect of bioremediation, has been investigated for some decades. However, there seems to be little progress on its commercial application to petroleum-contaminated soils despite some promising outcomes. In this review, mycoremediation is examined to identify development, limitations and perspectives for its optimal utilization on petroleum-contaminated soils. Mycoremediation agents and substrates that have been used for the treatment of petroleum contaminated soils have been identified, application methods discussed, recent advances highlighted and limitations for its applications accentuated. Possible solutions to the challenges in applying mycoremediation to petroleum-contaminated soils have also been discussed. From this review, we conclude that for optimal utilization of mycoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soils, ideal environmental, edaphic and climatic factors of a typical contaminated site must be incorporated into the approach from first principles. Development of application procedures that can easily translate laboratory results to field applications is also required

Distributed control of dynamical network systems : application to a counter-current heat exchangers network

Le contexte industriel actuel tend à trouver les moyens les plus efficaces pour économiser de l’énergie. Dans cette optique, l’optimisation des réseaux d’échangeurs en temps réel par l’utilisation de lois de commande dynamiques devient une nécessité. Dans ces travaux, notre approche s’appuie sur une représentation compartimentale en dimension finie, des échangeurs de chaleur. Les principales contributions sur la modélisation concernent une construction itérative des modèles d’échangeurs de chaleur sur la base de l’interconnexion en cascade de blocs élémentaires (un bloc élémentaire correspond à un compartiment sur le flux chaud qui échange de la chaleur avec un compartiment sur le flux froid). Cette approche permet aussi de représenter l’interconnexion en série de deux échangeurs ainsi que les topologies les plus courantes dans les réseaux : les collecteurs et les répartiteurs. Ces deux configurations correspondent respectivement à des interconnexions en parallèle sur les flux d’entrée et de sortie des échangeurs. Pour la partie commande, nous proposons des lois sur le débit d’entrée du flux chaud, l’autre débit étant supposé fixé. La représentation d’état des échangeurs ou du réseau d’échangeurs conduit à des modèles bilinéaires. Les contributions en rapport à la commande des échangeurs concernent : - La stabilisation robuste autour d’un point de fonctionnement d’un échangeur thermique en utilisant la méthode de forwarding sur un modèle à n blocs. Des simulations utilisant un observateur d’état sont proposées sur un modèle d’échangeurs à trois blocs. Nous utilisons comme mesure la température des deux fluides en sortie de l’échangeur. - Deux synthèses de commande sont proposées sur une topologie d’échangeurs en parallèle. L’objectif de commande est de maximiser l’énergie totale fournie aux clients. Les synthèses de commande sont basées sur la méthode d ’Extremum-Seeking avec un estimateur distribué. Cette dernière partie permet de calculer localement pour chaque agent (dans notre cas, l’échangeur et sa commande) une estimation du critère global à partir des informations disponibles à son niveau ainsi que celles des voisins comme définis par le graphe de communication. Les synthèses sont basées sur deux scénarii différents du graphe de communication : une commande dans le cas où il est complet et une autre dans le cas où il est connexe. Des simulations sont proposées sur un réseau de trois échangeurs pour le premier scénario et de cinq échangeurs pour le second.The current industrial context tends to find the most efficient ways to save energy. In this perspective, the optimization of heat exchanger networks in real time and thus the use of control synthesis become a necessity. In this work, our approach is based on a compartmental representation of heat exchangers in finite dimension. The main contributions of modeling concern the iterative construction of heat exchanger models based on the cascade interconnection of elementary blocks (an elementary block corresponds to a compartment of the hot fluid which exchanges heat with a compartment of the cold fluid). This approach also allows to represent the interconnection in series of two exchangers as well as the most common topologies in heat exchanger networks: collectors and splitters. These two topologies correspond to interconnections in parallel on the input and output flows of the exchangers respectively. For the control part, we propose control laws of the inlet flow of the hot fluid, the other inlet being assumed to be fixed. The state representation of the exchangers as well as of the exchanger network lead to bilinear models. The contributions related to the control of the exchangers concern: - Robust stabilization around an operating point of a heat exchanger using the forwarding method on a n-block model. Simulations are proposed on a three-blocks exchanger model using a state observer. The observer uses the measure of the outlet temperature of the two fluids leaving the exchanger. - Two control syntheses are proposed on a parallel exchanger topology. The control objective is to maximize the energy supplied to the customers. The control syntheses are based on the Extremum-Seeking method with a distributed estimator. The estimator allows to compute locally for each agent (in our case, the exchanger and its control) an estimate of the global criterion from the information available at its level as well as those of its neighbors as defined by the communication graph. The syntheses are based on two different scenarios of the communication graph: the first control law is synthetizing in the case where the communication graph is complete and the second one in the case where it is connected. Simulations are proposed on a network of three exchangers for the first scenario and five exchangers for the second

Commande distribuée de réseaux de systèmes dynamiques : application à un réseau d’échangeurs de chaleur à contre-courant

The current industrial context tends to find the most efficient ways to save energy. In this perspective, the optimization of heat exchanger networks in real time and thus the use of control synthesis become a necessity. In this work, our approach is based on a compartmental representation of heat exchangers in finite dimension. The main contributions of modeling concern the iterative construction of heat exchanger models based on the cascade interconnection of elementary blocks (an elementary block corresponds to a compartment of the hot fluid which exchanges heat with a compartment of the cold fluid). This approach also allows to represent the interconnection in series of two exchangers as well as the most common topologies in heat exchanger networks: collectors and splitters. These two topologies correspond to interconnections in parallel on the input and output flows of the exchangers respectively. For the control part, we propose control laws of the inlet flow of the hot fluid, the other inlet being assumed to be fixed. The state representation of the exchangers as well as of the exchanger network lead to bilinear models. The contributions related to the control of the exchangers concern: - Robust stabilization around an operating point of a heat exchanger using the forwarding method on a n-block model. Simulations are proposed on a three-blocks exchanger model using a state observer. The observer uses the measure of the outlet temperature of the two fluids leaving the exchanger. - Two control syntheses are proposed on a parallel exchanger topology. The control objective is to maximize the energy supplied to the customers. The control syntheses are based on the Extremum-Seeking method with a distributed estimator. The estimator allows to compute locally for each agent (in our case, the exchanger and its control) an estimate of the global criterion from the information available at its level as well as those of its neighbors as defined by the communication graph. The syntheses are based on two different scenarios of the communication graph: the first control law is synthetizing in the case where the communication graph is complete and the second one in the case where it is connected. Simulations are proposed on a network of three exchangers for the first scenario and five exchangers for the second.Le contexte industriel actuel tend à trouver les moyens les plus efficaces pour économiser de l’énergie. Dans cette optique, l’optimisation des réseaux d’échangeurs en temps réel par l’utilisation de lois de commande dynamiques devient une nécessité. Dans ces travaux, notre approche s’appuie sur une représentation compartimentale en dimension finie, des échangeurs de chaleur. Les principales contributions sur la modélisation concernent une construction itérative des modèles d’échangeurs de chaleur sur la base de l’interconnexion en cascade de blocs élémentaires (un bloc élémentaire correspond à un compartiment sur le flux chaud qui échange de la chaleur avec un compartiment sur le flux froid). Cette approche permet aussi de représenter l’interconnexion en série de deux échangeurs ainsi que les topologies les plus courantes dans les réseaux : les collecteurs et les répartiteurs. Ces deux configurations correspondent respectivement à des interconnexions en parallèle sur les flux d’entrée et de sortie des échangeurs. Pour la partie commande, nous proposons des lois sur le débit d’entrée du flux chaud, l’autre débit étant supposé fixé. La représentation d’état des échangeurs ou du réseau d’échangeurs conduit à des modèles bilinéaires. Les contributions en rapport à la commande des échangeurs concernent : - La stabilisation robuste autour d’un point de fonctionnement d’un échangeur thermique en utilisant la méthode de forwarding sur un modèle à n blocs. Des simulations utilisant un observateur d’état sont proposées sur un modèle d’échangeurs à trois blocs. Nous utilisons comme mesure la température des deux fluides en sortie de l’échangeur. - Deux synthèses de commande sont proposées sur une topologie d’échangeurs en parallèle. L’objectif de commande est de maximiser l’énergie totale fournie aux clients. Les synthèses de commande sont basées sur la méthode d ’Extremum-Seeking avec un estimateur distribué. Cette dernière partie permet de calculer localement pour chaque agent (dans notre cas, l’échangeur et sa commande) une estimation du critère global à partir des informations disponibles à son niveau ainsi que celles des voisins comme définis par le graphe de communication. Les synthèses sont basées sur deux scénarii différents du graphe de communication : une commande dans le cas où il est complet et une autre dans le cas où il est connexe. Des simulations sont proposées sur un réseau de trois échangeurs pour le premier scénario et de cinq échangeurs pour le second

Lebensbeschreibungen der drey ausgezeichnetsten Vorläufer des berühmten M. Johannes Hus von Hussinecz, benanntlich: des Konrad Stiekna, Johannes Milicz und Mathias von Janow; nebst einer kurzen Uebersicht der böhmischen Religionsgeschichte bis auf seine Zeit

Mode of access: Internet

Antinociceptive effect of Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster Mushroom) Aqueous Extracts in Rattus norvegicus (Albino Rats)

Antinociceptive is reducing sensitivity to painful stimuli for the individual. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive potentials of graded doses of Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster Mushroom) aqueous extract in Rattus norvegicus (Albino Rats) and its chemical pattern by comparing it with a standard drug and a control using the hot water based flick tail test. Thirty five adult rats of both sexes were used for the experiment which, were divided into five groups of seven rats per group. Group one was used as the control (with 1ml normal saline), while groups two, three and four were treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of Pleurotus ostreatus aqueous extracts and group five treated with 15 mg/kg Aspirin (a standard drug) as positive control. Hot water at 550C was used to determine the nociceptive responses of the animals to detect anti-nociceptive effects of Pleurotus ostreatus extracts as compared to the control in hot water inflicted pain. The results suggested that Pleurotus ostreatus aqueous extract exhibits antinociceptive properties against thermal stimulus at 550C. The diversity of individual animals’ pain tolerance threshold when immersed in hot water was also observed during the experiment. However, the extract indicated a high degree of anti-nociceptive effect at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post treatment period, with a progressively longer threshold time for pain sensitivity. It was also found that at 90 minute period, the control portrayed a relatively short response time.KEY WORDS: Anti-nociceptive, threshold pain, Pleurotus ostreatus, hot water test flick tail.</jats:p