Argentinian Transitional Justice Process: Women Behind

In the Argentinian transitional justice process, women's issues were neglected by all the different mechanisms that attempted to redress the gross human rights violations perpetrated during the last military dictatorship. In other words, democracy failed women and relegated them to their traditional roles as keepers of the family at the time that they started to demand justice for their identities and bodily and sexual integrity. This essay analyses the significance of the sexual violence carried out against women in clandestine detention centres during the last military dictatorship. Furthermore, it explores the position of gender justice within the Argentinian transitional justice process, and the gender discrimination that has made sexual violence committed against women a taboo into the transitional justice mechanisms in Argentina. Keywords: Argentina, transitional justice, women, sexual violence, human rights

Mujeres en las geografías de cimarronaje: intimidad territorial como estrategia de libertad: el caso de María de los Santos y su Bonga

As a strategy for freedom, marronage has usually been narrated as an initiative of enslaved men who defied colonial power to escape oppression and produce territorialised societies away from slavery. Drawing on historical Maroon studies in Afro-Latin America, feminist geography, and communitarian feminist praxis on territorio cuerpo-tierra (body-land as territory), this article explores the role of Maroon-descendant women in the making and remaking of territories in the Colombian Caribbean. Records in the General Archive of the Indies, the General National Archive in Bogotá, the Historical Archive of Cartagena de Indias and the oral tradition of Maroon-descendant communities themselves are used to explain the place of women in struggles for territory in the context of violent land dispossession due to Colombia’s armed conflict. This article also demonstrates how the reparation process to claim back lost lands is also a women’s matter. We can understand this as an intimate and affective, almost invisible process, as in colonial times, by analysing the spatial practices of María de Los Santos, an internally displaced woman from the community of La Bonga in San Basilio de Palenque, a town of descendants of fugitives from slavery. These practices, understood through the work of an anthropologist from this community, Jesús Natividad Pérez Palomino, are intimate yet collective and mobilise both the tangible and intangible legacy of marronage to enable her and her people to endure.Como estrategia de libertad, el cimarronaje ha sido narrado como una iniciativa llevada a cabo por hombres esclavizados que, desafiando el poder colonial, escapaban de la opresión y creaban sociedades territorializadas alejadas de sus opresores. Desde el análisis de la historiografía sobre el cimarronaje en Afro-Latinoamérica, la geografía feminista y la práctica feminista comunitaria territorio cuerpo-tierra, este artículo explora el rol de las mujeres  descendientes de cimarronas en la construcción y la reconstrucción de territorios en el Caribe colombiano. Se consultaron registros del Archivo General de Indias, del Archivo General de la Nación en Bogotá, del Archivo Histórico de Cartagena de Indias, así como la tradición oral de las comunidades descendientes de cimarrones y cimarronas, para explicar el lugar de la mujer en las luchas por el territorio, en un contexto de desposesión violenta de tierras debido al conflicto armado en Colombia. Este artículo muestra cómo el proceso de restitución de tierras arrebatadas constituye también un asunto de mujeres. Comprender este proceso como íntimo y afectivo, casi invisible, como en tiempos coloniales, es posible desde el análisis de las prácticas espaciales de María de los Santos, una mujer desplazada internamente de la comunidad de La Bonga en San Basilio de Palenque, un pueblo de descendientes de fugitivos de la esclavitud. Estas prácticas, entendidas a partir del trabajo del antropólogo de esta comunidad Jesús Natividad Pérez Palomino, son íntimas y aun colectivas, y movilizan, al mismo tiempo, el legado tangible e intangible del cimarronaje que les permite a María de los Santos y a su pueblo resistir al exterminio y al despojo

Manejo De Residuos Sólidos Hospitalarios En La Unidad Oncológica Solca-Chimborazo

It was determined that the handling of the solid waste generated by the SOLCA – Chimborazo cancer hospital was not appropriate, both internally and externally. Because of that, the classification, transport, storage, deactivation, and intermediate disposition are inconvenient. Thus, it was realized that it is important to have the requirements and documents to follow and comply the objectives that are specified within the management, focusing on feedback and continuous improvement. To learn about the nature of the generated residuals, they were characterized in the hospital. Common, infectious, radioactive, organic and sharp residuals were found during the months of September, November and December. The common waste is comprised of cardboard, paper and plastic. The per-capita production of residuals was 0.76 kg/patient/day. The environmental impact caused by the generation of hospital solid waste was 56% severe impacts and 44% moderate impacts, which could elicit health problems in the population surrounding the hospital. For this reason, the appropriate management of solid waste allowed to obtain large environmental benefits and reduce the pollution generated by the hospital solid waste. It is recommended to SOLCA-Chimborazo and other health institutions the implementation of an adequate solid waste management, which will allow them to comply with all the requirements enforced by the environmental regulations

El cambio de la matriz energética y su incidencia a la población nicaragüense en el periodo del 2007-2018.

El presente informe de Seminario de Graduación aborda el tema El cambio de la Matriz Energética y su incidencia en la población nicaragüense en el periodo 2007 - 2018, haciendo énfasis en las políticas gubernamentales dirigidas hacia el fomento de la transformación de la matriz energética. Con la finalidad de determinar las condiciones actuales de la producción de energía renovable del país. Se caracterizó la situación en la que se encuentra Nicaragua en relación a la consecución del ODS 7 por medio de las bases de datos del MEM según las EMNV y ECH, de igual forma, se estableció y describió el comportamiento de los principales indicadores del cambio de la Matriz Energética, por medio de las estadísticas del Anuario del BCN, INE y las proyecciones por parte de ENATREL, para el 2020. Además, se determinaron los diferentes recursos con los que cuenta Nicaragua para el proceso de transformación de la matriz energética. En última instancia se identificaron los aportes que este cambio en la matriz ha generado a la población. Considerando del mismo modo la importancia del sector eléctrico para la economía nicaragüense como principal motor para la producción de cualquier actividad económica. Por lo mencionado anteriormente, es importante que Nicaragua desarrolle y explote su potencial energético a través de sus fuentes renovables para satisfacer la creciente demanda y reducir su dependencia de los derivados del petróleo para generar energía. También hay que tener en cuenta los importantes beneficios para el desarrollo socioeconómico, ambiental y social, que beneficia a la población nicaragüense

Educational Evaluation, Assessment, & Effectiveness Glossary: A Claremont Graduate University EDUC 445 Fall 2021 Course Publication

This glossary is intended to support professionals who are seeking to understand evaluation, assessment, and effectiveness in the context of K-12 and higher education. The definitions in this e-book represent the shared meanings that were co-created by education professionals in EDUC 445 at the Claremont Graduate University during Fall 2021 under the guidance of Dr. Gwen Garrison, PhD

Infection and coinfection by human papillomavirus, Epstein–Barr virus and Merkel cell polyomavirus in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx: a retrospective study

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as an important risk factor for laryngeal carcinogenesis. Although HPV-16 and 18 have been strongly implicated, the presence of other high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) genotypes or the coinfection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPV) may increase the risk, but their etiological association has not been definitively established. Methods We characterized the genotype-specific HPV and the frequency of EBV and MCPV infections through the detection of their DNA in 195 laryngeal specimens of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) histologically confirmed. Results HPV DNA was detected in 93 (47.7%) specimens. HPV-11 was the most frequent with 68 cases (73.1%), and HPV-52 was the most frequently HR-HPV found with 51 cases, which corresponds to 54.8% of all HPV-positive specimens. EBV DNA was detected in 54 (27.7%) tumor tissue specimens of which 25 (46.3%) were in coinfection with HPV. MCPV DNA was detected only in 11 (5.6%) cases of which 5 (45.4%) were in coinfection with an HR-HPV. No association between the presence of DNA of the three examined viruses and the patient smoking habits, alcohol consumption, age, the keratinization status, differentiation grade, or localization of the tumor in the larynx were found. Discussion HPV-52 was the most prevalent HR-HPV, which may suggest that this and other genotypes in addition to HPV-16 and 18 could be considered for prophylaxis. However, further studies including non-cancer larynx cases and the evaluation of other molecular markers and viral co-infection mechanisms are needed to determine the role of the different HR-HPV genotypes, EBV, and MCPV in the etiology of SCC of the larynx

Temporal changes in the epidemiology, management, and outcome from acute respiratory distress syndrome in European intensive care units: a comparison of two large cohorts

Background: Mortality rates for patients with ARDS remain high. We assessed temporal changes in the epidemiology and management of ARDS patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation in European ICUs. We also investigated the association between ventilatory settings and outcome in these patients. Methods: This was a post hoc analysis of two cohorts of adult ICU patients admitted between May 1–15, 2002 (SOAP study, n = 3147), and May 8–18, 2012 (ICON audit, n = 4601 admitted to ICUs in the same 24 countries as the SOAP study). ARDS was defined retrospectively using the Berlin definitions. Values of tidal volume, PEEP, plateau pressure, and FiO2 corresponding to the most abnormal value of arterial PO2 were recorded prospectively every 24 h. In both studies, patients were followed for outcome until death, hospital discharge or for 60 days. Results: The frequency of ARDS requiring mechanical ventilation during the ICU stay was similar in SOAP and ICON (327[10.4%] vs. 494[10.7%], p = 0.793). The diagnosis of ARDS was established at a median of 3 (IQ: 1–7) days after admission in SOAP and 2 (1–6) days in ICON. Within 24 h of diagnosis, ARDS was mild in 244 (29.7%), moderate in 388 (47.3%), and severe in 189 (23.0%) patients. In patients with ARDS, tidal volumes were lower in the later (ICON) than in the earlier (SOAP) cohort. Plateau and driving pressures were also lower in ICON than in SOAP. ICU (134[41.1%] vs 179[36.9%]) and hospital (151[46.2%] vs 212[44.4%]) mortality rates in patients with ARDS were similar in SOAP and ICON. High plateau pressure (> 29 cmH2O) and driving pressure (> 14 cmH2O) on the first day of mechanical ventilation but not tidal volume (> 8 ml/kg predicted body weight [PBW]) were independently associated with a higher risk of in-hospital death. Conclusion: The frequency of and outcome from ARDS remained relatively stable between 2002 and 2012. Plateau pressure > 29 cmH2O and driving pressure > 14 cmH2O on the first day of mechanical ventilation but not tidal volume > 8 ml/kg PBW were independently associated with a higher risk of death. These data highlight the continued burden of ARDS and provide hypothesis-generating data for the design of future studies

The clinical relevance of oliguria in the critically ill patient : Analysis of a large observational database

Funding Information: Marc Leone reports receiving consulting fees from Amomed and Aguettant; lecture fees from MSD, Pfizer, Octapharma, 3 M, Aspen, Orion; travel support from LFB; and grant support from PHRC IR and his institution. JLV is the Editor-in-Chief of Critical Care. The other authors declare that they have no relevant financial interests. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Urine output is widely used as one of the criteria for the diagnosis and staging of acute renal failure, but few studies have specifically assessed the role of oliguria as a marker of acute renal failure or outcomes in general intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Using a large multinational database, we therefore evaluated the occurrence of oliguria (defined as a urine output 16 years) patients in the ICON audit who had a urine output measurement on the day of admission were included. To investigate the association between oliguria and mortality, we used a multilevel analysis. Results: Of the 8292 patients included, 2050 (24.7%) were oliguric during the first 24 h of admission. Patients with oliguria on admission who had at least one additional 24-h urine output recorded during their ICU stay (n = 1349) were divided into three groups: transient - oliguria resolved within 48 h after the admission day (n = 390 [28.9%]), prolonged - oliguria resolved > 48 h after the admission day (n = 141 [10.5%]), and permanent - oliguria persisting for the whole ICU stay or again present at the end of the ICU stay (n = 818 [60.6%]). ICU and hospital mortality rates were higher in patients with oliguria than in those without, except for patients with transient oliguria who had significantly lower mortality rates than non-oliguric patients. In multilevel analysis, the need for RRT was associated with a significantly higher risk of death (OR = 1.51 [95% CI 1.19-1.91], p = 0.001), but the presence of oliguria on admission was not (OR = 1.14 [95% CI 0.97-1.34], p = 0.103). Conclusions: Oliguria is common in ICU patients and may have a relatively benign nature if only transient. The duration of oliguria and need for RRT are associated with worse outcome.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised